Compare and Contrast the Philippines and Indonesia

Airah Mary Michaela Diaz (Task: Indonesia) Maegan Martinez (Task: Philippines) South Asia | Philippines| Indonesia| Type of Government| -known as the Republic of the Philippines. Is a sovereign state in SEA. -it is called republic or democratic form of government, where the power is in the hands of the people. -it has three branches: Executive, Legislative and Judicial. | -Republic of Indonesia – official name of the country means â€Å"Island of the Indies†-Head of government – President| Political History| -Discovery of katipunan (Aug. 19,1892)-Dr. Jose Rizal was killed by the Spaniards in bagong bayan or luneta park (December 30, 1898)-Philippine Independence (June 12, 1898)-death of President of Ramon Magsaysay (March 17, 1957)-The assassination of Senator Ninoy Aquino (August 21, 1983)-Proclamation of Martial Law by President Marcos on September 21, 1972| -October 1908- the first nationalist movement was formed, Budi Utomo-September 10, 1912- first nationalist mass movement was formed – Sarekat Islam-by December 1912 Sarekat Islam had 93,000 members-The repression of the nationalist movement led to many arrests, including Indonesia’s first president, Sukarno, who was imprisoned for olitical activities on December 29, 1929| Questions: 1. ) In what aspect does the government of Asian countries differ from one another? The government of Asian countries differ from one another by the laws, each government have different laws that people must obey and respect. Another one is the kind of government, there are many kinds of government in Asia like democratic, communist, federal republic and many more. They have their own government to follow. And in Asian countries, they have a leader who can make their country much better. 2. ) As a student, what concrete actions do you do to prove that you are pro government? As a student, I will obey and respect the laws of the government. I will simply apply the rules and regulations of our government and I will prevent myself from violating the rules. To be a role model to other students like throwing the trash to its proper dance. 3. How are they similar? They are similar on their type of government. 4. ) Disadvantages and advantages of the political system on the countries implementing it. The advantages of the political system are that it makes the country in o rder. It also makes the country to develop and also to organize the things in their place. The disadvantages are that sometimes the leaders cheat the country. They sometimes get money in the fund of their country; it affects the country’s progress. References: – Collier’s Encyclopedia #18 p. 685-694 – Lexicon universal encyclopedia – The new book of knowledge, volume I p. 218 – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/HistoryinIndonesia

Prosthetic Limb Research Paper Essay

Prosthetic limbs all started with a very simple problem. Do you just give up hope when you lose an arm or a leg, or is there some other way to make the best of a situation? Hope was not given up by us persistent human beings and that is how artificial limbs were thought of. Instead trying to get around, we thought of artificial legs to help those who have lost them. Instead of only having one arm, we thought of artificial arms to be able to have two again. Prosthesis not only brought hope to those who were seriously injured and lost their limbs, but it helped these people bring their lives back to as normal as it could be. Of course prosthesis did not start off as being perfect and high tech, but they slowly progressed throughout thousands of years to the technology we have today, as well as the ideas we have for the future. Artificial limbs date back all the way to the times of the ancient Egyptians. These were very basic prosthetics and were made from the materials they had readily available such as wood, iron or leather. Alan J. Thurston discusses the early Egyptian prosthetic, â€Å"One of the earliest examples comes from the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt in the reign of Amenhotep II in the fifteenth century BC when members of an Egyptian–German mission working in the Sheikh Abdel-Gurna area of the Theban necropolis were carefully brushing away accumulated dirt from the burial shaft inside the rockhewn tomb of Mery, a priest of Amun. The mummy that is on display in the Cairo Museum has clearly had the great toe of the right foot amputated and replaced with a prosthesis manufactured from leather and wood (Fig. 1). An even older example comes from the fifth Egyptian dynasty (2750–2625 BC) discovered by archaeologists, as being the earliest known splint from that period† (Thurston 1114). The ancient Egyptians and other early cultures to use prosthetics did so not only for the physical need for them, but to have a feeling of being whole and complete. Many cultures feared amputation over death because they wouldn’t be whole in the afterlife. So if a person had to have an amputation and had a prosthetic put in place, they would save their old limb and be buried with it so they would have their whole body in the afterlife with them. The first written record of artificial limbs was from around 3500 BC. It was a poem written by Rig-Veda and was about a queen who lost her leg in battle and had an iron prosthesis put in place to where her leg was supposed to be so she could return to battle. The next recorded records of prosthetics that were actually made for rehabilitation came from the ancient Roman and Greek civilizations. â€Å"The books by the Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus, report a prosthetic replacement. Herodotus states that in 484 BC, a Persian soldier escaped imprisonment by cutting off his leg then replacing it with a wooden prosthesis. The report states that he was able to travel 30 miles to Tregea. He was unfortunately captured by Zaccynthius and was promptly decapitated. This has been validated with the finding of a copper and wood leg in Capri, Italy, in 1858, which has been dated to 300 BC (Fig. 2). 5 Lower-limb prostheses of the time were typically made of bronze plates with a wooden core and leather straps† (1114). As seen here, this was the first step to actually have a limb that served a function to help the man walk. The concept of an artificial limb had slightly progressed and become a better tool. The next stage of prostheses came from around 450-1000 A. D. These are the typical peg legs that people think of and are typically thought of as what pirates like â€Å"Captain Hook† had. Peg legs made of again wood, leather or metal were used to help people walk. â€Å"Hook hands† were also made to replace people who lost a hand. â€Å"This style of prosthesis that is basically a modified crutch with a wooden or leather cup persisted into the early part of the twentieth century (Fig. 3). The use of these basic materials persisted until relatively recent times and many examples have survived. † (1114). So for many years people were content with this simple type of prosthetic limb and it wasn’t for about 500 years until it began to progress into something better. The next â€Å"wave† of prosthesis came from Ambroise Pare, a Frenchman born in 1510. He was a surgeon for the French Army and was prominently known for his treatment to gunshot wounds. He also made great progress in artificial limbs. â€Å"His ‘Le Petit Lorrain’, a mechanical hand operated by catches and springs was worn by a French Army captain in battle. He also devised an above-knee prosthesis consisting of a kneeling peg and a prosthetic foot. It had a fixed equinus position, a locking knee and a suspension harness, features that are still in use today† (1117). This hand was the starting point for the advanced prostheses in existence today as well as the leg he developed. It was the first successful leg to have the locking knee, suspension harness and the equinus position and it set the bar for other prosthetics to come. Also Pare was the first to make a prosthesis with joints; â€Å"The leg he designed for amputation through the thigh is the first known to employ articulated joints† (Wilson Jr. 2). The next wave of progression with artificial limbs came from the Civil War, and with anesthetics present, the surgeries were improved tremendously. Also the United States government paid for prosthesis for war veterans so they became more common. There was unfortunately not much advancement in prosthesis during this time period; â€Å"Many patents on artificial limbs were issued between the time of the Civil War and the turn of the century, but few of the designs seem to have had much lasting impact†(6). World War I also didn’t create much advancement in artificial limbs because of low casualties and the depression. After World War II , prosthetic research developed the beginnings of the prostheses in widespread use today† (Spaeth vii), in what was called the Artificial Limb Program. They even further developed artificial limbs by making things such as; â€Å"the patellar-tendon-bearing (PTB) below-knee prosthesis, the quadrilateral socket and accompanying method of alignment, the Henschke-Mauch hydraulic knee unit, a totally new armamentarium for management of upper limb amputees, and the amputee clinic team of concept. Of tremendous significance was the emphasis on early fitting and saving the knee when amputation was necessary due to arteriosclerosis†(6). All of these progressions were very important in changing prosthetics from a simple peg leg to the types of artificial limbs present today. If it weren’t for these, we wouldn’t be nearly as advanced in the field or prosthetics and would be far behind. From here many organizations were made in order to support amputees. Also because the profession of being a prosthetist was only taught by experienced prosthetists and there was no other way of learning available, the University of California started offering classes in around the 1950’s. With classes now available about artificial limbs, this also encouraged a â€Å"take-off† in the field and brought great awareness to the public. From here classes began to expand to universities such as â€Å"New York University and at Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago†(8). After these schools began teaching, many colleges and universities began to follow and the field began to expand. The next milestone for artificial limbs came in 1965 when the Medicare bill passed. This bill gave people over the age of 65 little to no cost to receive an artificial limb. So because of this, the need for prosthetics increased and more and more studies were made on them. This leads us all the way to the prosthetics available today in 2012. The next progression of artificial limbs came from about 1945-1970 with the idea of bionic arms, or artificial limbs controlled by electricity. It would use myoelectric control to power the limbs; â€Å"The concept of a myoelectric prosthesis is simple. The electrical activity naturally generated by contracting muscle in a residual limb is amplified, processed and used to control the low of electricity from a battery to a motor, which operates an artificial limb (Muzumdar 1). It was the Germans who first claimed to be able to accomplish this feat, but it would be extremely difficult to make the limb look and feel normal. Reinhold Reiter was the first one to implement myoelectric control in 1945. His prototype however was not realistic because it was not portable. His prototype was essentially never going to work, but his beginnings of research on myoelectric control started a new wave in artificial limbs. This then sparked a worldwide quest to successfully control myoelectric electricity. Major countries began to compete and try to progress to successfully make a myoelectrically controlled prosthetic. The United States became close to having a successful and efficient one, but logistics problems caused the procedure to be unsuccessful. Then in the turn to the 60’s a Russian scientist named A. Y Kobrinski was able to create a â€Å"self-contained myoelectric control system. This was one of the first stand-alone, battery-powered systems to be used on a number of amputees† (56). Between the 70’s and the 80’s many different types of the â€Å"new† artificial limbs were used on adults as well as children. They were very successful and many people benefited from them. During this period, myoelectric hands were the main myoelectric powered prostheses. Competition sprang between corporations during this time period and they looked to make artificial limbs lighter and more efficient. Then in the 90’s, prosthetics began to be powered by computer technology â€Å"During the 90’s, the myoelectric prosthesis industry began to turn towards computer technology to provide programmable controls systems. These advanced controllers can be adjusted, while on the patient, to give a variety of functions from one or two electrode sites† (57). This computer technology leads all the way to the types of artificial limbs present today. Battery technology has also increased tremendously during the past years, which gives the prosthetics greatly improved battery life. Artificial limbs today are extremely efficient and the batteries last a long time. Also the computer technology available creates greater memory for movement and control, which allows the prosthetics to feel more natural. The artificial limbs today vary greatly depending on the need of the patient. There are cosmetic prosthetic limbs, also called a cosmesis. These are the prosthetics that look exactly like real limbs. â€Å"Advanced plastics and pigments uniquely matched to the patient’s own skin tone allow a modern day cosmesis to take on an amazingly life-like appearance. Even details such as freckles, hair and fingerprints can be included, bringing the cosmesis to the point where it’s nearly indistinguishable from the original missing arm or leg† (Clements 5). There are also the basic artificial limbs which just serve the purpose to walk and aren’t as natural looking. An example of this could be the prosthetics you see the runner in the Olympics wearing. Regardless, the essential components of prosthetics are generally the same. They are composed of the plyon, which is the skeletal frame for the limb and the main support. Today these are generally made of lightweight but strong metals such as carbon fiber components. Next there is the socket, which connects the artificial limb to the stub where the patient’s limb used to be. It is very important the socket is built correctly or it can cause further damage to the patient; â€Å"Because the socket transmits forces from the prosthetic limb to the patient’s body, it must be meticulously fitted to the residual limb to ensure that it doesn’t cause irritation or damage to the skin or underlying tissues† (3). The next and final essential component is the suspension system. This is the part that makes the artificial limb stay connected to the body and not fall off. This is generally done by a suction system, which uses an airtight seal to prevent the limb from falling off when it’s pushed on. Prosthetic limbs today are all unique in their own way. The type of amputation and where the limb is cut off all has a great effect on the type of prosthetic limb needed. A below the knee prosthetic for example is far different from an above the knee. The above the knee prosthetic will need an articulated knee and takes much more technology to make. It also needs to attach to different nerves as well as many other factors. One problem with these high tech limbs however is their price. Prosthetic limbs are extremely expensive, and the more high tech they are, the more expensive they become. There are even some prosthetic limbs today that use microprocessors and can remember your body movements; â€Å"Advanced prosthetic legs can be equipped with a microprocessor (computer chip) and sensors that measure angles and forces while a patient walks. Over time, the microprocessor learns how the patient walks and constantly adapts the stiffness of the knee accordingly† (5). This is an example of the type of limb that would cost a patient tens of thousands of dollars. One of the really cool and amazing prosthetics technology today has brought us to is the targeted muscle reinnervation or TMR. It was developed by Dr. Todd Kuiken and it has to do with controlling artificial limbs with your brain. When a person loses a limb, he created the idea to attach the nerves from that limb to a muscle close by that contributes to moving the â€Å"former limb†. When this is done and the patient goes to try to move the â€Å"used to be limb† it then is able to send electrical currents, which causes Kuiken’s prosthetic limbs to move. This breakthrough he made is fascinating and extraordinary and opens doors to artificial limbs of the future.

Patrick Henry and Benjamin Franklin

Patrick Henry and Benjamin Franklin both knew that success sometimes requires persistence along with compromise. Compromise is defined by The Oxford Dictionary as an agreement or a settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions. By using this definition and analyzing these speeches, it is obvious to readers that both politicians were willing to make compromises. There are however many differences as to the extent and what type of concessions these gentlemen were willing to make.The Second Virginia Convention met March 20, 1775 inland at Richmond–in what is now called St. John's Church. This is where Delegate Patrick Henry presented resolutions to raise a militia, and to furthermore put Virginia in a posture of defense. Henry Basically says in his speech that the colonists have tried to compromise already and it has had no effect.â€Å"Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament.†(Henry102) By reading this statement, Henry’s feelings are fairly obvious. While he believes that other routes should be taken first, the colonists now have no other choice. By analyzing this closer, it is apparent that Henry believes in compromise, but there is a very thin line on where it is time to push forward.â€Å"I have experienced many instances of being obliged, by better information or fuller consideration, to change my opinions even on important subjects, which I once thought right, but found to be otherwise.† (Franklin105) Benjamin Franklin’s opinion of opinions. What this statement shows, is a form of compromise. A change of opinion on an important subject because of the influence of another, is a form of compromise. Franklin admits in the  very beginning of his Speech that he is very apt to do so.When we compare Henry and Franklin together, a few similarities are shown. There are however a lot of differences. One of the main things that has to be taken into consideration here, is the fact that these politicians are speaking at two different times in America’s history. If Franklin would have been speaking before the revolution occurred, he most likely would have been a lot more persistent and not wanting to compromise nearly as much. On the flip side, if Henry would have been speaking post-American revolution, he most likely would have been quite a bit more lax and not as prominent about the issue.Because of the change of opinions due to different circumstances, it is nearly impossible to compare these to politician’s views based upon these speeches. If they are analyzed closely enough, however, it is seen that they both view compromise as a necessity. The real question is, how far are they willing to take it?

No topic based on scenario and questions to be incorporated Essay

No topic based on scenario and questions to be incorporated - Essay Example Indeed, I will extend my warm welcome to my partner in the Community Based Organisation (CBO) who will be bringing a potential funder to the Saturday Academy the following day. There is every need to meet this funder as a way of showing appreciation to this rare opportunity since he will need to catch the 11.30 am flight. Compared to attending the daughter’s basketball tournament, this opportunity to meet the potential funder will go a long way towards development of my career as both administrator and leader. Indeed, there is every need to be devoted to work and show commitment especially during the period of crisis where the institution you are running is facing critical challenges such as budget cuts instead of choosing to pursue personal luxury activities which will leave you exposed once you miss the perfect opportunity of getting the much needed assistance. I will also take the opportunity to engage the parents who represent the graduation committee since these are very important stakeholders in the running of the school and cannot in any way object to their proposal but would happily give them a nod to engage the photographer. The occasion of graduation is historic such that it has to be recorded in true fashion. It can be suicidal to delegate my second assistant principal to attend to such important scheduled meetings as this would reflect a negative attitude of my leadership qualities. Such important business which affects the overall running of the institution requires the head to be present as this would show commitment to the school as well as reflect positive leadership traits. In this particular case, the issue of great concern to me is the need to get funding for the institution since this would make it relatively easier to run it. Almost all activities at school require some funding to ensure its smooth running. The first three things I need to do as the principal include the following: instil discipline among students and members of staff,

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 20

Report - Essay Example Procurement is fundamental to every project manager in order to advice the company on the right partners to work with, the rights and obligations of every party in a project, and how well the parties can work together. Contracts need strategy in order to succeed and that is why, it paramount to know who will supply what and how the payments of the supplies will be met. A contract to supply raw material, personnel or any other service, should give assurance to the do so for the duration for which the contract runs and under the terms and conditions agreed upon. So that, if the contract is financed on interim basis, the supplier of whichever service or raw material should be able to do so until when payment has been processed (BARNES, 2007). Procurement services should also be subjected to competitive vetting to ensure that the right supplier is awarded the tender to supply raw materials whether all the metallic raw materials or part of that, and that will be the case for all procurements. The project manager will advise the contractor on what elements to look for in tendering a supply of any raw material. Just to highlight, cost of raw material, transport cost; whether it is lumped and gathered for to the site, and the capacity to deliver them in time. The contractor then will have a host of service providers to choose from after which the suitable supplier will commence the supply of the procured materials (MARSH, 2000). Just like any other contract programme, what is binding, has to be backed by evidence and that is the time that has been set out for completion of a project. When a project is completed within the stipulated time, the contractor is entitled to a bonus of the whole cost however, when the project is completed outside this time, the contractor is liable to a penalty. As a matter of fact, the entire project under the watch of a project

Understanding Business and Management Research Methods Assignment

Understanding Business and Management Research Methods - Assignment Example Understanding Business and Management Research Methods Research methodologies generally are of two types viz. quantitative and qualitative research methodology (Cameron and Molina-Azorin 2011). When both of them are combined then it is known as mixed methodology. Although authors held the view that mixed methodology is increasingly used in the business and management circles, the use of pure form of qualitative or quantitative research methodology is more visible. Further, it is stated in the article that strong theoretical and conceptual framework, legitimating, publication, academic recognition and seminal mixed method theorists make mixed methodology legitimate in research arena. Along with this, the duo claimed that this methodology is gaining popularity in fields, like medicine, nursing, health, education, behavioural and social sciences which are very exact comment of them. Though, this method is now used by a number of researchers, an established definition has not yet been written. For example, according to Thurston, Cove & Meado ws (2008, p. 3) ‘Mixed methods studies can either combine methods from different paradigms or use multiple methods within the same paradigm, or multiple strategies within methods’. However, The Journal of Mixed Methods Research (2006) defined mixed methods as ‘research in which the investigator collects, analyses, mixes, and draws inferences from both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or a program of inquiry’.... (1950s - 1980s), Paradigm debate period (1970s - late 1990s), Procedural development period (late 1980s – 2000), and the Advocacy as a separate design period (2000+). In addition to this, the duo authors have also discussed the growing interest of the academic journals and scholars in this third method of research which increases the academic weight of academic paper (Bergman 2008). Creswell and Plano Clark’s (2007) discipline acceptance levels for mixed methods is used by the authors to show the acceptance level of this third methodological movement. There are three level of acceptance developed by Creswell and Plano Clark’s (2007) .i.e. Minimal, Moderate and Major. For every level of acceptance there are certain benchmarks being listed below (Cameron 2008). There are five benchmarks for minimal acceptance and they are awareness within the discipline of qualitative research, publication of actual mixed method studies in discipline studies, graduate students usin g mixed methods in dissertation research, discussions in journals about the need for mixed methods, and mixed methods research discussed at professional conference. There are four benchmarks for moderate acceptance i.e. leaders in the discipline advocating use of mixed methods, workshop on mixed methods research forums dedicated to the discipline, Funding companies supporting mixed methods research, methodological discussions of mixed methods in journals devoted to the discipline. There are three benchmarks for major acceptance i.e. special issues of a journal focusing on the use of mixed methods in the discipline, publication of mixed methods studies in top discipline-based journals, course on mixed methods research as part of graduate research training programs. The authors have used above discipline

Described in the Seneca Falls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Described in the Seneca Falls - Essay Example †Now, in view of this entire disfranchisement of one-half the people of this country, their social and religious degradation,—in view of the unjust laws above mentioned, and because women do feel themselves aggrieved, oppressed, and fraudulently deprived of their most sacred rights, we insist that they have immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which belong to them as citizens of these United States.† Above is the main objective of the feminist groups at the convention. Under it states the details of such rights to be received by women; the right to suffrage, equal opportunities, social status, etc., giving emphasis to â€Å"All men are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the Declaration of Independence, which they explained the term ‘men’ is being pertained to people and not gender specific. The convention succeeded in their objective to open the eyes of society to the injustices received by women that time. Uniting powerful elements at the convention such as gathering groups of antislavery, reformists and radical Quakers acted as one of the most important things that highlight the event that was one of the factors the convention became a success. This provoked one of the greatest rebellions in history of the modern times. The convention at the Seneca Falls only sparked the beginning of the struggle of women towards their thirst for equality and gave birth to more feminist groups to take part in their journey. Led by a number of famous and reputable women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a woman rights pioneer, the Declaration of Sentiments became a success. â€Å"That all laws which prevent woman from occupying such a position in society as her conscience shall allow, or which place her in a position inferior to that of man, are contrary to the great law of nature, and therefore of no force or authority.† Above is one of the most appealing resolutions presented at the convention. Although this may not hold true to all women since the â€Å"coloured† still

Adapting Curriculum for Multicultural Classrooms Coursework - 1

Adapting Curriculum for Multicultural Classrooms - Coursework Example As the report declares it is very difficult for some to adapt to the American mainstream curriculum due to their diversity. Consequently, the current curriculum has very little aspects of diversity. It mostly suits the dominant group that is mainly the students of American origin, especially those who grew in uptown cities. Therefore, it is very difficult for the other students to identify with the American culture and thus learning is hindered. For example, students from Vietnam have very different passive learning patterns in relation to their American counterparts. Subsequently, teachers and other students don’t understand this and therefore view the Vietnamese as dump and stupid. The traditional curriculum also views Israeli students to be rude and obnoxious because they have a culture of openly criticizing a teacher when they feel like he is saying something wrong. These cultural aspects are affecting learning of the students. The teachers too have a hard way since they u se the same teaching approach to such a different and diversified group. As such, it is necessary to address cultural diversity so as to create a balance and address the learning needs of all the students. This discussion emphases that the plan to adapt the curriculum to include all students and families was developed to counter the problem of diversity. The traditional curriculum will be altered to even include subject content to include a multi-culture content.

Literature Review; Data Collection Annotated Bibliography

Literature Review; Data Collection - Annotated Bibliography Example 2011). Growth hormone syndrome triggers a decrease in the levels of thyroid stimulation hormones responsible for stimulating metabolism causing hypothermia. High’s book offers honest advice on the nature of rehabilitating patients with brain injuries. The author develops a critical evaluation of the focal cortical dysfunction on patients with traumatic brain injuries. Taking a realistic approach to the brain healing process, the chapters in High’s book have discoveries on deficiencies brought about by the growth hormone to patients suffering from mild, severe and moderate traumatic brain injuries. In the progress, High looks into the effective measures and programs to rehabilitating traumatic brain injury in patients. The author offers a critical outlook on a number of consequences caused by both elevated and dropped levels of growth hormone to the healing process of patients with traumatic brain injuries. High offers sane advice for those struggling with rehabilitating traumatic brain injuries, but his main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury using gr owth hormone replacement. This text is indispensable because of its honest viewpoint and encouraging approach to patients rehabilitating brain injuries. The authors develop a theoretical analysis of the epidemiology and severity of traumatic brain injuries. The authors introduce the GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale) that is used to analyze effects of stimuli the post traumatic consciousness. The authors conduct neuropsychiatric, functional and structural imaging assessments, that unearth neuropsychiatric behaviors related to post-traumatic behaviors of brain injury. The book develops an analysis of mood, psychotic, personality and cognitive disorders arising from treatment of traumatic brain injury. Cifu and Buschbacher’s book develops a critical analysis into the neuropsychology, rehabilitation and

What are the challenges in applicability of administrative law Essay - 1

What are the challenges in applicability of administrative law - Essay Example The dynamic of the collective action at the administrative level is characterized by the existence of the multiplicity of actors. The interactions among competing and opposing actors are the origin of the conflicts played in the administrative law. Some of the origins of such conflicts are: competition among political actors to assume control of the public administration; the emergency of principals of public administration at a supranational level. (The administration is required to implement these global or macro regional policies in a coherent way. In some situation, this can create conflict with elected bodies at state level) among many others. Three kinds of conflict originate from these interactions: political, institutional and economic. Political conflicts: Public administrations serve different political interests. Although they structurally, depend on the executive, they also have to implement acts and statures approved by the parliament. Administrative conflicts arise in situations where the executive and legislatures branches have different political vision and compete to make them prevail in the course of administrative action Institutional conflict: the second source of administrative law conflicts is institutional. This arises where national administration is also required to implement global, macro regional or international, rule and policies. This kind of conflict is common in the multilevel system in government. Although most of the public policies is macro region, their implementation is still national. This is the reason why most of the international authorities try to regulate both organizational and procedural mechanism through which national administration must execute those policies and rules. This is always done in order to ensure coherence and avoid any drift due to pressure from local interest (Joel

Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay A psychiatric or psychological disorder is a disorder of psychological function severe enough to warrant treatment by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. Schizophrenia, emotional disorders, Anxiety and Tourette’s syndrome are all classified as psychiatric disorders. The distinguishing line between neuropsychological disorders and psychiatric disorders is quite thin. Though the two types of disorders are a result of a dysfunctional brain, the malfunctions which create psychiatric disorders remain undefined. Psychiatric disorders are often linked to environmental factors as well as dysfunction of the brain. As psychological research advances, treatments and a better understanding of psychiatric disorders comes to bear. The term schizophrenia means a psychic break or â€Å"splitting of psychic function†. (Pinel, 2007). The NIH National Library of Medicine web site defines schizophrenia as having five different categories: catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated. (NIH National Library of Medicine, 2008). Each category of the disorder has a specific set of symptoms that is mostly unique to that category of the disorder, but schizophrenia in general creates a delusional picture of reality which disrupts the person’s behavior, logic and emotions. A good example of schizophrenia and the related dissociative disorders are the movie Sybil or the more recent film A Beautiful Mind, and another fine example is the television show United States of Tara. Both movies and the Showtime network’s series depict the lives of a person suffering with schizophrenia or dissociative disorders. Neuroleptics and antipsychotic drugs are known to alleviate symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Clozapine is a type of neuroleptic that does not produce side effects like those associated with Parkinsons disease. The medication is known to cause blood disorders. Neuroleptic medication is used to block the dopamine receptors though it takes time for the drug to lessen schizophrenic symptoms. Though neuroleptics help schizophrenics, only certain patients do benefit from the relief these drugs can offer. Schizophrenic patients suffering from hallucinations and incoherence react to the medication; however; schizophrenics suffering from cognitive defects are not affected. The NIH National Library of Medicine web site mentioned atypical antipsychotics have proven to treat symptoms for schizophrenia  with few side effects and is the best option for those suffering with schizophrenia. (NIH National Library of Medicine, 2008). A surgeon in the 1950’s and early 1960’s used a drug called chlorpromazine on patients to alleviate swelling prior to surgery. The doctor noticed that the medicine acted as a calming agent and recommended chlorpromazine to relax hard to control psychotic patients. Chlorpromazine did not assuage the symptoms of psychosis, but the medicine showed potential for easing some symptoms in schizophrenic patients. During the research process the side effects of chlorpromazine which are symptoms of Parkinsons disease were evident. Researchers concluded that people suffering from Parkinsons disease die from a minute level of dopamine. Schizophrenics display a high-level of dopamine. Therefore Parkinsons and Schizophrenia seem to be on the opposite end of the spectrum. A breakthrough emerged in the dopamine theory with Carlsson and Lindqvist. The duo studied the Chlorpromazine in relation to schizophrenia and revised the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine was found to block dopamine receptors instead of the original theory of reducing dopamine levels. Therefore, the duo concluded through research that schizophrenia was  not due to high-levels of dopamine, but with over activity at the dopamine receptors. (Pinel, 2007). Emotional disorders are another form of a psychiatric disorder. Emotional disorders include: bipolar disorder, depression, and mania. Depression is classified as a state of unbearable sadness. At some point in a persons life one will encounter a period of depression due to a tragedy such as loss of a loved one, poor health, or a series of bad luck. However, most people will break through the grip of depression and return to a normal life. Those with depression have a hard time seeing anything in a positive light. Depression ruins relationships at work and in the home; the disease also takes over the person making it difficult to engage in a normal day-to-day routine. Mania is the opposite of depression and is linked to high energy and impulse. A person suffering from mania appears to be full of energy or â€Å"hopped up† on energy drinks like Red-Bull and caffeine; they are filled with such enthusiasm, have boundless energy and talk fast. Though it sounds like an exceptional  thing to be constantly in a good spirits there is a negative side to the disorder. Impulsiveness is a part of mania and many suffers act on impulse not thinking before they do anything. The end result is unfinished projects, bills that cannot be paid, and relationships ruined. A person who suffers from manic episodes and depression episodes is diagnosed with bipolar disorder. There are two theories created to explain the causes of emotional disorders. According to Pinel (2007), The monoamine theory of depression holds that depression is associated with under-activity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses. It is based on the fact that monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, and selective norepinephrinereuptake inhibitors are all agonists  of serotonin, norepinephrine, or both. The second theory is Diathesis-Stress model. The second theory focuses on genetic predispositions of a person as well as environmental factors that influence the disorder. This means that people who have stress early on will overreact to stressful situations later in life in turn causing depression. (Pinel, 2007). There are four types of medicine used to treat emotional disorders. Iproniazid is a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI) initially used to treat tuberculosis but failed. On the contrary the patients did not have as many depressive thoughts about the illness. Iproniazid has severe effects when combined with tyramine rich foods. Imipamine is a tricyclic antidepressant which has proven to be more effective than MAOI’s. The next medication is Lithium which was shown to alleviate symptoms of mania. The discovery was made when a researcher tested guinea pigs and the results proved to calm them. Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer in bi-polar patients since it blocks the patient from transitioning between extreme highs and lows. The fourth medicine used more commonly in recent years is selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The most common of the SSRI’s are Prozac, Zoloft and Paxil. The SSRI’s are reported to have few side effects and are able to treat multiple disorders. (Pinel, 2007). Anxiety is chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat. (Pinel, 2007). Anxiety is accompanied by rapid heartbeat, heavy or difficulty breathing and high blood pressure. There are five  types of anxiety disorders including: general anxiety, phobias, obsessive compulsiveness, panic, and post traumatic stress disorder. Theories involving anxiety disorders presume the amygdala has a role in anxiety disorders. The brain’s involvement in anxiety is cloudy at best since each patient tested shows different results. (Pinel, 2007). Benzodiazepines and serotonin agonists are the most effective medications used to combat anxiety. Valium and Librium are two of the most commonly prescribed medications, though they tend to make the patient drowsy. The medicine is  also known to be highly addictive and is recommended only for short-term usage. Buspirone is a serotonin agonist which relaxes the body and causes sleepiness. (Pinel, 2007). Tourette’s syndrome is known for involuntary movements or sounds known as tics. The Cedars-Sinai web site notes that the tics can vary from body movements and vocal tics. The tics can be a little as involuntary eye blinking or more noticeable yelling of obscene words or phrases. Little is known as to the cause of Tourette’s, however there is speculation that the limbic cortex, association cortex and thalamus are connected to the disorder. (Pinel, 2007). With the cause still a mystery there is no cure for Tourette’s, but though counseling, relaxation therapy and hypnosis healthcare professionals can help treat the disorder. (Cedars-Sinai. 2008). Psychiatric disorders vary in many ways. Schizophrenia affects the brain and causes hallucinations, emotional disorders affect a persons mood in extreme ways, and anxiety causes fear and health issues, while Tourette’s causes tics ranging from subtle to severe. Over time psychological advances in research and treatment have been made allowing professionals in the field to effectively treat each disorder. References CEDARS-SINAI. (2008). Tourettes syndrome. Retrieved June 10, 2009, from http://www.csmc.edu/5540.html NIH National Library of Medicine. (2008). Medical Encyclopedia: Schizophrenia. Retrieved June 9, 2009, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000928.htm Pinel, J. P. J. (2007). Basics of Biopsychology. Boston, MA. Allyn and Bacon.

Chinese Corporation Essay Example for Free

Chinese Corporation Essay 1. What kinds of advantages can Chinese companies obtain if they move production into the United States? There are several advantages Chinese companies obtain by moving their production to the United States. For starters, they would be able to sell to companies that only purchase American made products. Also, the money earn from the U.S. base production generates profit for China; which allows the companies to help its country economy by expanding its business in both countries and providing jobs for the unemployed. Lastly, the companies would receive a huge tax-credit and save significantly on shipping. 2. What are some possible disadvantages and threats of moving production to the United States? Some American is not open to the fact that international companies are moving their production on United States’ soil. In fact, U.S. citizens are willing to boycott and financially hurt the companies if such a move was to happen; especially in an economy where American own businesses are failing. 3. Will more Chinese companies make investments in the United States as opposed to China and the future? Fully explain and justify your choice. I believe that there will be an increase in Chinese companies making investments in the United States. For starters, it will help the companies’ international business relationship. To add, there are several stimulus packages the companies would qualify for (such as the economic tax credit) by doing business in America. Also, their profit would increase. The U.S. dollar is more than Yens. So, they would be making twice as much money in the U.S. on the same product sold in China at a cheaper rate. And, the cost to ship would decrease, because the companies would not have to pay duties on products being shipped within the United States. Therefore, it is beneficial for Chinese companies’ to invest in the U.S.

Compare And Contrast Federalism Under Fdr Politics Essay

Compare And Contrast Federalism Under Fdr Politics Essay Federalism, a political system which is aimed on establishing a strong central government -which in return is constitutionally mandated to share equal powers with its local and state governments. It sounds straight and simple but some of American historys most enduring and complicated issues have resulted because of this political concept. Before the passage of the US constitution -there were people at one side of the political confederacy the pro-nationals, demanding a strong national government as the key answer for bringing America on its feet after its independence from the British while there were some, pro-states- who believed in investing all the powers in the states as the only solution. The American constitution -later adopted by the founders of the country is a blend of these both sides embedded with federalism. Even, after this historical political settlement -there have been US leaders previously and now- who tend to favor and accordingly set their governments policies e ither being a pro-national or pro-state. For the purpose of this essay, I will be comparing and contrasting federalism under the administration of specific US presidents -FDR, Nixon, Clinton and Bush. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) came into power during the worst economic crisis-the great depression-in the American history. He expanded the governments power not just on central level but at municipal, state and local level as well -in order to better handle the loss caused by the great depression. His philosophy was no matter how big a government might get -it should have involvement and be responsible for its citizens .Its purpose should be to serve the common man on the street. His government was fundamentally dedicated on creating a political system which is largely focused on the welfare and care of its people; to help them out and pull the country out of this economic mess -where banks, stocks and all other major government financial institutions had collapsed. He formulated a program calling it the New Deal which involved on large scale federal-state cooperation in funding and power sharing. He initiated the welfare system, social insurance for the poor, elderly and the une mployed. According to FDR, the only way for the recovery would be if both the central and state governments worked together in joint effort-sharing equal powers. Through this transfer and shuffling of power, he established a system of dual federalism. He is the spearhead of many federal and state run programs that are running in the country today-directly affecting the lives of the millions living in here. I personally feel he was the first one to truly practice federalism in its essence- in his every day policy making and administration while being in power. When republican president Nixon took office, like many of his successors before and after him-had his own judgment about the division and assigning powers from the high level -national authority to the lower state or local agencies. He adopted a stricter managerial approach in the effort of making the overall governmental system more efficient and competent. He felt that the central government had been encumbered with unnecessary load of power and policy implementation which on the other hand could be carried out much more efficiently at the local government level. He based his administration on a pro-state approach-directing money and power from the central federal government and into the hands of smaller locally and state run agencies. He did this by mandating grants-in-aid into block grants -a devolution- by transferring power from the central side and giving much authority and money to the smaller state run governments. He believed that such a pro-state federalism will serve the community better as the state and local agencies have the easy access and better understanding to reach the areas in need. Bill Clinton like Nixon had main aim of making the federalist government more competent in nature but had a watchful approach towards granting more power to states. He was well aware of the importance of states having its self-sufficiency and powers but not at the cost of putting the central government at a vulnerable position. He viewed states as laboratories for implementing and experimenting policies passed by the national government. Although, throughout his reign, Clinton mandated strategies that gave more power to states- but ultimately favored devolution targeted towards making the national government stable and strong in nature. Unlike Nixon, Clinton was not in favor of smaller state run federalism. George Bush like Clinton shared a similar background before becoming the president. Both were governors but Bush era differed from Clintons in the way Bush adopted, shifted and granted powers to the states. Bush was an ardent advocate of small pro-state federalist government. Bush reversed Clintons proposed policies in regards to making states accountable and liable to the national government- in the matters such as setting national standards and rules for environmental guidelines. Bush made it harder for the central government to overrule and interfere in states decisions .He favored rule implementation by the states and less interference of the central government in the matters of the local government. The debate over federalism and the choice of being a pro-state or pro-national is an age old argument for our country. Our presidents- past and present may had differences in political opinion and formulated different policies geared towards handing more power to either states or national level but all shared the same admiration and regard for the government. They all agreed on the vitality and influence of government in a nation. American Federalism- the main idea seeded by the founders of this great nation -is yet to play many roles and touch our lives in many ways in the years to come.

Dynamic Characters In A Tale Of Two Cities :: essays research papers

Dynamic Characters in A Tale of Two Cities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Charles Dickens is an influential writer in his time. Charles Dickens is born on February 7, 1812 in England. Many of the books he writes are classics. One of the his classics is A Tale of Two Cities. A Tale of Two Cities is about a group of people who get stuck in France at the time of the revolution and only a very dear friend saves them from living lives of sadness. In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens uses dynamic characters that change drastically from the beginning to the end of he book. One example of a dynamic character is Sydney Carton. He is one of the â€Å"idlest and most unpromising of men† (83). Dickens also describes Carton as â€Å"a problem or carelessness and recklessness† (200). Carton is unpromising and reckless because the other characters in the book see him as a man who drinks too much and can’t take care of himself. While sitting in Mr. Lorry’s office with John Barsad and Jerry Cruncher â€Å"Sydney Carton fill[s] another glass with brandy, pour[s] it slowly upon the hearth, and watche[s] it as it drop[s]† (296). Sydney Carton spills the brandy to signify that he won’t be a drunken man any more. Carton also changes in the aspect that he feels love towards Lucie. After Darnay’s first trial in England Carton treats Darnay to dinner at a local tavern. During their conversation Darnay’s love, Lucie, is mentioned. Carton feels no love towards Lucie at that time. He says, â€Å"I am a disappointed d rudge, sir. I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me† (82). Soon after Sydney Carton finds himself falling in love with Lucie Manette. Carton says, â€Å"[F]or you and any dear to you I would do anything . . . . I would embrace any sacrifice for you and those dear to you . . . . think now and then that there is a man who would give his life to keep a life you love beside you!† (147 – 148). Sydney Carton obviously changes his opinion on loving and caring. Sydney Carton is an example of a main character that is dynamic in A Tale of Two Cities. Dr. Manette is a second example of a dynamic character in A Tale of Two Cities. When Lucie, Mr. Lorry, and Monsieur Defarge meet Dr.

How does Scout develop and mature as the novel progresses? Essay

How does Scout develop and mature as the novel progresses? Atticus says, "Scout , you're not old enough to understand some things yet" Scout Finch, who is a six-year-old girl at the beginning of the novel To Kill a Mocking Bird, is nine by the end of it. The novel, written by Harper Lee, is written in a very adult style because Scout is recounting memories of her childhood in Maycomb County, Southern Alabama. Scout is a very lively, intelligent girl but has a hot temper, which gets her into a lot of trouble with the adults. Unlike the typical late nineteenth century American female stereotype, of a woman staying home sitting on the porch while the man of the house goes and earns the money, Scout enjoys taking part in boyish activities with her older brother, Jem, but when she starts school, she does not just take part in the curricular activities, but also begins to learn about life and the way her society works. There are many events in the story that contribute to Scout's learning experiences, such as fights with Walter Cunningham, reading to Mrs Dubose, going to church with Calpurnia, the outcome of the Tom Robinson trial, and meeting social outcasts like Boo Radley and Dolphus Raymond. The story is set in the 1930s, where there is racial segregation in Alabama as a result of the American Civil War and the economy is corrupt due to the Wall Street crash (this was known as the Great Depression). At the time that the book was written, in the 1960s, men like Martin Luther King and Malcolm X were fighting in the Civil Rights Movement for racial equality in the United States. All of these factors affect the main themes of the novel and the events that occur within it. Pride is an important aspect o... ...ause they could not explain him, they feared him. This is similar to the situation Scout found herself in with Dolphus Raymond. He was a white man who married a black woman and fathered mixed race children. This was deemed unacceptable behaviour by Maycomb standards and therefore Dolphus pretended to be a drunk. In that way the people of Maycomb had an excuse for him marrying a black woman. Scout only realises why he pretends to be drunk when she finds out that he just sips Coca-Cola all day. She then starts to feel some sympathy for the people who are victims of racial and social prejudice. After learning about Boo Radley and Dolphus Raymond, Scout learns not to believe everything she hears. All of these factors have, in their own way, influenced the development of Scout's ethics and have shown how they affect her, along with how she reacts to them.

Native Son Essay: The Tragedy -- Native Son Essays

Native Son: The Tragedy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Richard Wright's Native Son a very moving novel. Perhaps this is largely due to Wright's skillful merging of his narrative voice with Bigger's which allows the reader to feel he is also inside Bigger's skin. There is no question that Bigger is a tragic figure, even an archetypical one, as he represents the African American experience of oppression in America. Wright states in the introduction, however, that there are Biggers among every oppressed people throughout the world, arguing that many of the rapidly changing and uncertain conditions of the modern world, a modern world largely founded on imperialism and exploitation, have created people like Bigger, restless and adrift, searching for a place for themselves in a world that, for them, has lost many of its cultural and spiritual centers. Because Wright chose to deal with the experience he knew best, Native Son is an exploration of how the pressure and racism of the American cultural environment affects black peop le, their feelings, thoughts, self-images, in fact, their entire lives, for one learns from Native Son that oppression permeates every aspect of life for both the oppressed and oppressor, though for one it is more overt than the other. Though this paper deals with Bigger's character and how the last scene of the novel reflects an evolution and realization in his character in terms of Arthur Miller's definition of tragedy, the issue of mass oppression of one people by another embodies the dimensions of a larger tragedy that is painfully embedded within human history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of Native Son's earlier scenes serve Wright's purposes in showing how America's white rascism affects Bigger's behavior, his thinking and... ...rd Wright's Art of Tragedy. Iowa City: U of Iowa Press, 1986. Kinnamon, Keneth and Michel Fabre, eds. Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993. Kinnamon, Keneth. The Emergence of Richard Wright: A Study Literature and Society. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1973. Kinnamon, Keneth, ed. New Essays on Native Son. New York: Cambridge UP, 1990. Macksey, Richard and Frank E. Moorer, eds. Richard Wright: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984. Margolies, Edward. The Art of Richard Wright. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1969. Miller, Eugene E. Voice of a Native Son: The Poetics of Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1990. Rampersad, Arnold, ed. Richard Wright: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.      

Creation community and vocation

The second theme stresses the importance for community ithin our world. Jesus was a relational person creating intimate friendships with all people. Therefore, we are to imitate His act and be interactive with humanity. Being relational includes discipleship, brotherhood, love, and reconciliation. The final theme–vocation discusses the difference between career and calling. When we are patient, seek Him first, and listen for his quiet voice, He will reveal our true calling.Although the three themes have distinct characteristics and differences from one another all three intersect and are important in the Christian life. When we lose our ense of purpose and meaning, we lose our sense of connection to others and God; we lose our sense of community. Without a sense of purpose we forget that we are created in His image and other people mean little to us because we no longer value ourselves. The image of God is in all creation. We see his reflection in kind and gentle humans and we marvel at the beauty of a summers' sunset.His reflection is found in every living thing and in the God-created beauty of nature. Man is the most unique among all of God's creation because we have a material body and a soul. â€Å"Then God aid, let us make man in our image, after our likeness† (Genesis 1:26, ESV). Having the â€Å"likeness of God† means that we were made to resemble God. Man is free to make decisions and reason-this is a reflection of God's intellect and freedom. â€Å"Not only are we created as trustees of God to experience the goodness of creation, we are created to be in community with all creation† (Birch).Since God has given us a responsibility over â€Å"the fish of the see and the birds of the air†¦ over all the earth† (Leviticus 25: 23-24, NIV), we are to fulfill this responsibility by taking care of these things. Creation relates to community in the fact that man was created for fellowship. This reflects God's nature and His love. In Eden, Adam's primary relationship was with God, but He made the first woman because â€Å"it is not good for the man to be alone† (Genesis 2:18, ESV). â€Å"Relationality is a part of the image of God.If we are free and responsible persons, and everyone else is similarly free and reasonable, we are inseparably linked to one another through our choices† Oacobsen ; Sawatsky). Creation relates to our calling as well in this way, â€Å"Our special status as bearers of God's image brings special responsibilities. In particular, we are called to use our gifts and talents in the service of God, in helping others, and in caring for the natural world† Oacobsen ; Sawatsky Man has been created as a relational people.This sense of community can be seen in many aspects of our lives such as the church, our families, our friends, and many other places. While Jesus was on this Earth, He made numerous connections with people through stories, sharing, and demonstrating acts of love. We are to follow in His footsteps. Not only are we supposed to reach out to others, but we are also supposed to reconcile with them. Reconciliation is key to having a relationship with someone, and sustaining it. Reconciliation can happen, because as Christians, we understand that God reconciled with us by sending Jesus Christ to save the world.Community is the perfect means to demonstrate how God has loved us. We can't practice authentic Christianity without Christian fellowship because love is at the very root of God's character. â€Å"God is love. Whoever lives in love, lives in God, and God in him† (1 John 4:16, NIV). The church is the central place within Christian community. It is important to walk with other believers who can build us up, call us out, and who ill love us no matter what. We find strength in numbers and it makes our walk with God easier when we have people supporting us.A Christian community is necessary to help us recharge, be renewed, and be refreshed. â€Å"Let us not give up meeting together as some are in the habit of doing, but let us encourage one another† (Hebrews 10:25, NIV). Community and vocation are connected to one another in the sense that it is important for us to be a part of our local and nonlocal communities. We are called to be the hands and feet of God and He uses us to reach out to people we are in contact ith. We need to be attending to the needs of our communities and actively loving our neighbors by using out gifts, talents, and strengths.With what ever our calling may be, God insists that we use our abilities to encourage, strengthen, aid, and educate others because that is what Jesus did here on Earth. As Christians, we become whole persons through healthy relationships with God and others. This means that â€Å"we feel the need to encourage and support families, churches, and local communities, and the larger civil society so that these various social places can emain places where he althy relationships are able develop and where human dignity is protected† Oacobsen ; Sawatsky).Community and creation are connected to one another in the sense that God created an interrelated creation. â€Å"Not only are we created as trustees of God to experience the goodness of creation, we are created to be in community with all creation† (Birch). This is the only way we will be able to experience the wholeness God has intended for us. Each part of God's creation finds its fulfillment in interrelatedness with all. â€Å"The place God calls man to is the place where his or her deep gladness and the orld's deep hunger meet.The kind of work God usually calls man to is the kind of work that man need most to do, and also the work that the world most needs to have done† (Buechner). Calling and career are two separate things, but ultimately go hand- in-hand. Knowing the difference is an essential part of finding where God wants us to be. â€Å"A career is a partic ular line of work one does to earn an income. A calling is a specific vision of how God wants to use our time, energy, and abilities to serve Him in the world† (Sittser). As a Christian, we are to seek His kingdom first in our lives, but a alling often uses a career.Our calling should be bigger than Just a career. Many people think that finding a calling only applies to the Christian world , but everyone can contribute to the common good. Discovering God's will for our lives is not something that happens overnight. Often it is very hard to truly hear what He is saying to us. God can speak directly to us, but He often is heard through other the people, church, nature-even art and music. It is obvious that prayer is essential to the Christian life. It is especially important in discovering our calling. â€Å"Prayer is listening.It is attentiveness, being in the presence of God, waiting expectantly for God to speak to our hearts† Oacobsen & Sawatsky). Waiting involves pati ence, which is often hard to achieve. Being able to understand that God will always show us where He wants us will help us get through that waiting period. God gave man the responsibility to be caregivers over the earth; this arises from being created in the image of God. God entrusted His own function as Creator to man along with abilities required to do so. This includes exploring, discovering, understanding, developing, and using creation to honor the Creator.Work is not incidental to man's being, but an essential part of his purpose of being on the earth. Community is also an essential part of using our vocation to honor Him. God wants us to meet our own needs and the needs of our own family and our own friends, but he also calls us to provide for the needs of others. â€Å"Carry each others burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ† (Galatians 6:2, NIV). Whatever our career may be, within the work place we need to be aware of those who are around us. Cr eation, community, and vocation are three important aspects of the Christian ife.As has been shown throughout the previous paragraphs, each of these themes can be looked at separately, but they are often seen in connection with one another. Throughout the course, this connection wasn't specifically addressed, but reflecting back on the three themes, I am now able to intersect creation, community, and vocation. As people, we were created in the image of God; therefore He has provided us with skills, abilities, and strengths also achieved through experiences and our careers†to make a difference in our surrounding communities and throughout the world. References

Demi Lovato Life Factors Essay

BULLYING An example of an environmental factor that has affected demi Lovato is bullying. Bullying is treating someone in a way that has the intention of causing any form of harm, it was in school that Demi Lovato experienced this physical bullying she experienced in school which she left after a lot of verbal and physical abuse. As a result of her being bullied about her weight, she stopped eating at the age of 12 and dropped 30 pounds so a life coach was then called in to help her out. People also wrote â€Å"hate petitions† about her and sent them around to be signed. This may affect her physically as; she couldn’t sleep at night as she would be worrying about going to school the next day– so we would have sleepless night. This may affect her intellectually as; she could fall behind in her school work as if they were calling her â€Å"stupid† or â€Å"smartarse† about her intelligence. Also she would lose concentration in her lessons which contributed to her failing academically and dropping grades. This may affect her emotionally as she is not reaching her full potential. Socially Demi Lovato struggled to make friends and maintain relationships due to the abuse she suffered she often isolated herself and didn’t enjoy normal teenage activities. MISUSE OF SUBSTANCES Demi Lovato went through a stage of taking cocaine, which could be considered a form of self harm, Demi Lovato used to take cocaine- this is a misuse of substances-drugs. Demi Lovato described the drug use as a form of escape  from loneliness she felt. This may affect her physically as drugs affects their body. Cocaine affects your vital organs, you have difficulty breathing, can have collapsed lungs, get heart conditions such as angina, weakened heart walls, and also it ruptures the blood vessels in your brain. This may affect her intellectually as taking drugs affect your mental health this can include anxiety, mood swings, depression, sleep problems and psychosis which would have a huge effect on her career. Emotionally the affect the drugs have on her mental health could lead to depression, suicide and even violent outbursts. So her friends and family may feel as though they have to cover for her, which can add an emotional strain and lead to resentment. This may affect her soc ially as this can have a negative impact on her career as she is meant to be a young child’s/adults role-model and the drug use could change the publics view of her this could have a negative impact on her career as she could get bad publicity from the press. HEALTH ISSUES She became so depressed that she began to cut her wrists and other places where no other people could see. She also used to cut herself to take her mind off of things. Demi didn’t care what happened, she had no fear. She also says that she felt a lot of pressure of having to be â€Å"perfect† and being a perfect role which lead to her cutting herself as a form of escape. To cover up the scars of cutting, Demi has tattoos of inspiration words to help her remember to be a strong person one wrist says â€Å"Stay† and on the other wrist it says â€Å"Strong†. This may affect her intellectually as she wrongly thinks self-harm is the only way to cope with everything bad that happens. The stress of depression and feeling the need to self harm will effect a person emotionally as they will be extremely confused along with feelings of regret and confusion. This may affect her socially as she feel as though she is being withdrawn from society and she becomes anti-soc ial. Also she could be feeling a lot of pressure from her fans, family etc. so a way for her to escape this pressure is for her to self-harm and cut herself. This time of self harm would have been a dangerous stage of Demi’s life where she was putting her life at risk. DIET Demi started to think she was fat and described feelings of guilt for eating. When she was 15, she was only eating 2 meals per week and she felt as if she wasn’t losing enough weight so she began experimenting with laxatives and appetite suppressants. Then Demi began battling bulimia, this amount of forceful vomiting lead to blood and acid being thrown up. Diet affected Demi unbelievably, socially and mentally as it was due to diet that she changed her entire career and she starting singing instead of acting with Disney to avoid constantly being on TV. Demis constant battle with insecurity about her weight affects her physically as her body was very fragile and looked fragile, so everyone had to be careful around her and to look after her as well. Also the physical effects of her diet are that she would have weak muscles, a low immune system, damaged organs and vocal chord damage. This would effect her as she wouldn’t be able to perform as best as she could. This may af fect her intellectually as; she’s not eating the right food, so her body isn’t getting the right nutrition’s, so the brain can’t function properly. REHAB Demi went into rehab in October 2010. This was to deal with her self-harming, substance abuse and depression. She describes the treatment as â€Å"really hard and scary†, saying that she had 14 hours of therapy a day however she could feel that the therapy was working and she began to feel happier daily. Demi at times wanted to leave rehab not because she didn’t want to fix the problem but because she missed the people from outside, however she was convinced to continue. Rehab changed Demi’s life physically as it made her a healthier and happier person her body began to function properly as she began to eat properly and receive the nutrition that she needed. Mentally, the therapy received changed Demi’s out look on life and her view of herself it helped her be a more positive person and a more educated person in terms of how to say no and how to treat her body correctly. Emotionally she may have been missing her family and friends however this could make h er value what’s good in her life, rehab also lead to Demi being a more emotionally  secure person. Socially rehab made Demi a more positive person and therefore a person who is more confident and found it easier to be in the public eye and be in social situations with people, also it may have taught her how to deal with social media websites and news considering she is a celebrity and she may still face future abuse/bullying due to that. PREDICTABLE HEALTH EVENTS 1. Health issues: Demi has experienced health issues from a young age such as bulimia it could be predicted that due to her suffering mentally with illnesses and physically with illnesses in the past along with her history of substance abuse she may relapse due to constant public attention due to her singing and acting career. Physically this possible relapse could make it difficult for Demi’s body and mind to cope, if she does have a relapse her body will be much more at risk to collapsing as it is repeatedly is put through stress and it may struggle to fight of sickness and infection. Also she would lack concentration which would affect her career as an actress. This will impact her emotionally as there will still be times in her life where she feels low and depressed as she’ll self-harm, also the emotions surrounding her strength should she relapse and the way her habits may affect her family. This will impact her socially as when she would self harm herself she could begin to feel as though she is being withdrawn from society, and then become anti-social. UN-PREDICTABLE LIFE EVENTS 1. Break-up’s Demi went through a hard and an emotional break-up with Joe Jonas, this break-up was unpredictable and due to the emotional distress she could fall into a relapse and begin taking drugs or gaining insecurities again. This will impact her emotionally as she would of gone through a rough time with the break up would just feel really emotional (such as anxious, upset and depressed) however Demi found that through music she could channel her emotions and although it may have been predicted that a breakup could make  her relapse infact she done the opposite and found a positive route out of the situation. This will impact her socially as she may stray away from society– her family and friends this could lead to greater feelings of loneliness and depression. Death Experiencing a death of someone who is close to you has bad effects on anyone, demi experienced the death of a friend this will impact her physically as she may be depressed and this unpredicted event could lead to Demi abusing her body again as she already suffers with issues dealing with pain and upset. This will impact her intellectually as she may lack concentration and it may affect her career. This will impact her emotionally as she could be emotionally drained which would therefore impact her career and the way in which she presents herself to her fans. Socially this could mean Demi would begin to isolate herself from her friends and fans and for someone who is a celebrity this is a big risk to take as it may make the public lose interest in her and the public if she is depressed and in isolation. THEORIES OF AGEING There are 3 types of theories that are related to ageing; Disengagement theory, Activity theory, and Continuity theory. Authors of the book â€Å"Growing Old† Elaine Cumming and William Henry summarised that growing old isn’t a cheerful time in which people grow old happily and simply accept that their lives and activities should change due to their age. They said it is a time where elderly people begin the process of realising they have a short life span left and struggle coming to terms with this. This theory of struggling to come to terms with old age was developed by Elaine and William and they called it disengagement theory: For example, someone who was in the disengagement stage, would be in a nursing home staying there, not wanting to see anyone or participating in any activities that are provided as they are rejecting the process of being elderly. THEORIES OF AGEING The activity theory was developed in the 1960s. This is a positive relationship between a person’s level of activity and life satisfaction, which then increases how positively a persons there self-concept is and improves their ability to adjust in their elderly years. It states, people who achieve optimal age are those who stay active. As peoples life stages change they must be active and change with them for example when they reach retirement they can then do things they never had time to do before, like travel it is suggested that this active attitude is what will make them happier in the transition through social life stages. For example, someone who was in the activity theory would want to do activities for the majority of the day, and be as active as possible throughout the day. This activity theory was created by Robert Havighurst. DEMI AND AGEING D1 I chose to explain the activity theory and the dis-engagement theory in further detail and I think there is potential for demi lovato to fall into these two theories. I suggested dis-engagement theory as a theory that may possibly effect Demi as she has a history of separating herself from society and the expectations of society when she finds herself in stressful situations, like her previous bullying issues or drug addictions. It is possible to expect that Demi when facing the stress of accepting old age she may reject this and act against what is expected of somebody who is ageing. This is purely predictions based on her past actions. This will effect Demi’s development as it could cause her to be an entirely different person should she choose to isolate herself from the rest of society her brain could prematurely age as she is no longer socially active. I think the disengagement theory will suit Demi best as an elderly looked after person because due to her life in the lig hts she may need to take a step back from society and it might be more successful for her elderly development if she spends some time away from society’s expectations and spent sometime thinking of her own needs. DEMI AND AGEING On the other hand it may be possible that Demi may fall into a category of activity theory. This predication is due to her wisdom after everything she has faced throughout her life and therefore when she ages she may become actively involved in health promotions or anti-bullying schemes. She may work in the community to advise young people on their options and actions and therefore she will be an actively acting elderly person taking part in the schemes and opportunities provided for elderly people. This theory may effect Demi’s development as it will make her a more active individual and therefore her life quality and happiness will be increased. This theory of ageing could be best for Demi rather than disengagement theory as she has had a very active life style all her life and to change this could cause her to be depressed the activity theory would probably benefit Demi the most as an elderly person who needs to be looked after in the correct way. PHYSICAL SIGNS OF AGEING When you become older, your muscles begin to shrink and lose mass. The number and size of muscle fibres also decrease. The heart muscle becomes less able to propel large quantities of blood to the body- so older people tire more quickly and take longer to recover. The water content of tendons, the cord like tissues that attach muscles to bones decrease as we age this makes the tissues stiffer and less able to tolerate stress. This would effect demi as she has quite an active career and it could cause her to have to change her lifestyle therefore she may begin feeling sad or depressed if her life changes too severely and she has no control over it. With age, your heart has to work harder and pump more blood than a younger heart. Due to this change in blood flow elderly people struggle to perform basic homeostatic functions such as maintaining body temperature. This would impact Demi as she could suffer from many diseases that occur from the changes of major organs, this could impact h er social and singing/acting career. The first physical signs of aging include the skin becoming less elastic. Another sign of aging is that your sleep rhythm may alter. At night, you may not sleep for as long as you used to and it is possible that you may wake up more  during the night. PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGNS OF AGEING Memory loss is one of the most common psychological effects of aging. For many people, remembering everyday things becomes more difficult. Memory loss affects short-term memory more than long-term. It may be easy to recall events that happened thirty years in the past, but difficult to recall what happened on the morning news. Absentmindedness is also a characteristic psychological effect of aging. Clear, lucid thoughts become increasingly difficult. Older people may repeat themselves in conversation, or have trouble doing regular activities. This impaired cognitive functioning could also be a sign of althzeimers disease. It can lead to severe degeneration of mental functioning. Depression is fairly common as many people age. Perhaps you used to have a full head of thick hair. You used to be able to eat anything you want without getting gas or gaining weight. Maybe you used to be a strong as a bull and be able to run like the wind. As you got older though, you gained weight, you went bald, you can’t lift things like you used to. You recall the good old days and then look at the shape you’re in now. That can make nearly anyone depressed. THE EFFECTS OF AGEING AND  CONFIDENCE/SELF ESTEEM The loss of a youthful appearance, as well as the emotional and social changes that may accompany menopause and aging can hurt our self-esteem. The changes that are seen at midlife can be disconcerting. Some research indicates that these changes in the body image have a significant impact on our sexual desire and sexual self-esteem at midlife. The issue of lowered self-esteem/confidence mainly stems from the issue of  comparing ourselves to younger people as we age. When we are young we have better body function, more elastic skin, less wrinkles and a harder working body with more physical abilities meaning we are in healthy shape. As we get older these functions change and we begin to lose what we once took for granted. In these cases its easy for an elderly person to be hit with confidence and self esteem issues as they are going through an extreme bodily change. Also with women the life stage of menopause can sometimes make a women depressed as she feels less womanly due to her inability to have anymore children. Also the issue of life expectancy slowly becoming shorter confidence and self esteem can surround regrets and elderly person has had throughout their lifetime.

A Multiple Choice Test on Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar Multiple Choice Unit Test 1 Name_____________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE UNIT TEST 1 – Julius Caesar I. Matching/Identify _____ 1. Strato _____ 2. Lucilius _____ 3. Octavius _____ 4. Artemidorus _____ 5. Brutus _____ 6. Caesar _____ 7. Casca _____ 8. Calpurnia _____ 9. Mark Antony _____ 10. Portia _____ 11. Lepidus _____ 12. Decius _____ 13. Pindarus _____ 14. Cassius _____ 15. Soothsayer A. Captured by Antony's soldiers, mistaken for Brutus B. Persuades Caesar to attend Senate meeting C. First to stab Caesar D. convinces Brutus to join conspiracy with false letters E.Holds the sword for Brutus to kill himself F. Wife of Brutus G. The least important member of the 2nd triumvirate H. warns Caesar â€Å"Beware the Ides of March† J. Joins and then leads conspiracy to kill Caesar K. Emperor of Rome L. Caesar's wife M. Heir of Julius Caesar; joins Antony N. servant who gives a false report to Cassius O. Devoted follower of Caesar; avenges Caesarâ⠂¬â„¢s murder P. Gives Caesar a letter of warning Julius Caesar Multiple Choice Unit Test 1 II. Multiple Choice 1. The play begins immediately after: a. Caesar’s victory at Philippi b. the announcement of Caesar’s heir 2. Julius Caesar’s most loyal follower was: a.Lepidus c. Antony b. Brutus d. Casca 3. The Feast of Lupercal was a celebration of: c. Calpurnia’s marriage to Caesar a. fertility b. weather d. Caesar’s victory at Lupercal 4. Cassius could be described as: a. greedy and driven b. malicious and vengeful c. Caesar’s crowning d. Caesar’s victory over Pompey c. honorable and valiant d. all of the above 5. Why does Cassius want Brutus to join the conspiracy? a. Brutus is well thought of by the people. If he supported the conspiracy the conspirators would be in better favor with the people following the assassination. b. Brutus has the best knowledge of the layout of the Capitol.It would be easy for him to plan a secret attack. c. Brutus has great influence over the soldiers. Cassius needs Brutus to direct them not to help Caesar. d. Brutus is very wealthy. They will need a lot of money to set up the new government. 6. How does Cassius plan to convince Brutus to join the conspiracy? a. He is going to ask Casca and Brutus to have dinner with him the following evening to discuss what to do about Caesar. b. He plans to hold a reception in Caesar's honor to make amends with him. c. He is going to forge notes to Brutus from several citizens in order to help sway Brutus against Caesar. d. He is planning to kill Brutus. . Brutus believed Caesar’s assassination was necessary because Brutus: a. wanted to rule Rome himself b. thought it would be best for the citizens of Rome c. was afraid of Caesar’s wrath d. wanted Cassius to rule Rome 8. Who said that the conspirators needed no oath because they were bound by their cause and not by empty words? a. Cassius c. Brutus d. Strato b. Caesar Julius Caesar M ultiple Choice Unit Test 1 9. How was Caesar physically challenged? a. he was blind in his left eye b. he was deaf in his right ear c. he was deaf in his left ear d. his right arm was partially paralyzed 10. Why was Brutus against killing Mark Antony? a.Mark Antony would be the next consul of Rome, and will accept bribes from Cassius. b. Killing Mark Antony would be too bloody. c. Mark Antony will fear for his life when Caesar is dead. d. If they kill Mark Antony, the Army will retaliate. 11. Of what does Calpurnia try to convince Caesar? a. Her dreams are omens of tragedy and he should not go to the Senate meeting. b. Her spies have told her that there is a plot against Caesar. c. There is going to be a terrible earthquake, and he should cancel the Senate meetings. d. He should let her and the other wives be present for his coronation. 12. Caesar yields to Calpurnia's wishes at first.Why does he change his mind and decide to go to the Senate meeting? a. His servants tell him the pr iests said it was alright for him to go. b. He knows that his army is strong and will protect him. c. He has seen a good luck omen in the sky. He thinks it is stronger than Calpurnia's dreams. d. Decius reinterprets Calpurnia's dream to entice Caesar to go to the meeting. 13. What is ironic about the timing of Caesar's murder (in relation to the preceding events)? a. He is murdered just as he is reading the warning from Portia. b. He is destroyed just after proclaiming his magnificence and indestructibility. c.It occurs just after a great storm and earthquake. d. Brutus has changed his mind, but is not able to stop the others. 14. According to the play, Caesar was stabbed _______ times: a. 300 c. 13 b. 33 d. 3 15. What did Brutus say to the people at the funeral? A. He told them the assassination was the only logical way to do the best thing for the people. B. He told them he would be a much better ruler than Caesar, and asked for their trust and support. C. He said he would divide Caesar's wealth among the people after the funeral. D. He criticized Caesar for being a cruel and evil ruler. Julius Caesar Multiple Choice Unit Test 1 6. What did Antony say to the people in his funeral speech for Caesar? A. He accuses the conspirators of treason and demands that they be put to death for Caesar's murder. B. He says the Caesar deserved to die, and the people should thank the conspirators. C. He contradicts the accusations made by the conspirators of treason and demands that they be put to death for Caesar's murder. D. He praises Caesar and asks that a memorial be built for him. 17. Octavius and Antony form a triumvirate with: a. Cassius c. Young Cato b. Lepidus d. Flavius 18. Who had his birthday in the play? a. Cassius c. Caesar b. Antony d. Brutus 19.How does Brutus die? A. Antony kills him in a fight. B. He kills himself with his sword. C. The ghost of Caesar frightened him to death. D. He is taken prisoner and one of the soldiers accidentally kills him. 20. In w hat year was Shakespeare born? b. 1564 c. 1599 a. 1613 21. What country was Shakespeare’s birthplace? b. Scotland c. Ireland a. England d. 1584 d. Wales 22. Under which two monarchs did Shakespeare perform and write? a. Elizabeth, and John I b. Elizabeth, and Mary c. Henry VII 23. What are three types of plays Shakespeare wrote? c. history, mystery, comedy a. comedy, history, tragedy b. romance, tragedy, history d. omedy, tragedy, mystery 24. How many plays did Shakespeare write? a. over 200 b. 154 c. 37 or 38 25. In what year did Shakespeare die? a. 1616 b. 1599 c. 1564 d. 1569 d. King Lear d. no one knows for sure Julius Caesar Multiple Choice Unit Test 1 III. Quotations: Identify the speaker of the quotations. A = Brutus B = Soothsayer C = Cassius D = Caesar E = Antony 26. â€Å"Beware the Ides of March. â€Å"(1. 2. 18) 27. â€Å"Cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant never taste death but once† (1. 2. 3233) 28. â€Å"This was the noblest Roman of them all. † (5. 5. 67) 29. â€Å"Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look. He thinks too much.Such men are dangerous. † (1. 2. 195-196) 30. â€Å"Upon what meat doth this our Caesar feed/ that he is grown so great† (1. 2. 150) 31. â€Å"Cry ‘Havoc! ’ and let slip the dogs of war† (3. 1. 276) 32. â€Å"Caesar, thou art revenged,/Even with the sword that killed thee. † (5. 3. 44-45) 33. â€Å"- not that I loved Caesar less, but /that I loved Rome more. † (3. 2. 22-23) 34. â€Å"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. † (3. 2. 78) 35. â€Å"Caesar, now be still: I kill'd not thee with half so good a will. † (5. 5. 51) 36. â€Å"Into what dangers would you lead me, Cassius,/That you would have me seek into myself/for that which is not in me? (1. 2. 65-67) IV: Vocabulary 37. assure : guarantee :: a. alleviate : aggravate c. drive : road 38. bidding : request :: a. cooperate : hinder c. quarrel : dispute 39. fre edom: bondage :: a. emulate : copy c. gather : flowers 40. fawned : flattered :: a. benign : malignant c. motivate : stimulate b. pressure : force d. anxiety : reassurance b. wait : bus d. trouble : ease b. worry : distress d. indulge : deny b. offer : refuse d. reduce : stress Julius Caesar Multiple Choice Unit Test 1 41. gorging : nibbling :: a. dangerous : safe c. rabbit : fur b. chance : opportunity d. serious : grave 42. venged : retaliated :: a. lazy : languid b. dark : damp c. seethe : soothe d. energetic : lethargic 43. demeanor : mien :: a. possible : impossible c. push : pull 44. peevish : genial :: a. gracious : hospitable c. relinquish : surrender 45. perils : dangers :: a. rural : urban c. employee : boss 46. spoils : awards :: a. sculptor : sculpture c. excellent : average 47. virtue : vice :: a. perfect : ideal c. possible : likely b. intimidate : threaten d. prey : pray b. marker : sign d. mature : juvenile b. faithful : pious d. honest : deceitful b. trivial : incon sequential d. menial : important b. onument : column d. transparent : opaque 48. misconstrued : comprehended :: a. burly : brawny b. label : answer c. dirty : clean d. temerity : audacity 49. face; appearance a. lamented b. fain 50. an absolute ruler a. tyrant b. provender 51. enlarged a. augmented b. spurn c. visage d. base c. vex d. conspirator c. chidden d. fret Julius Caesar Multiple Choice Unit Test 1 52. to reject a. avenged b. vex c. exalted d. spurn 53. imitation; copying in admiration a. malice c. avenged b. emulation d. exalted 54. deep thoughts; musings a. cogitations c. infused b. chidden d. fain 55. mourned; cried a. barren b. chidden . lamented d. exalted 56. honorable; noble in action a. spoils c. tyrant b. valiant d. prodigies 57. eagerly; preferably a. base b. shrewd c. affable d. fain 58. to annoy, irritate, or confuse a. beseech c. emulation b. vex d. appertain 59. a flag showing allegiance or nationality a. valiant c. ensign b. valor d. provender 60. property tha t has been taken by force a. prevail c. provender b. legacy d. spoils 61. sought revenge against a. augmented c. avenged b. affable d. appertain 62. spitefulness; showing evil a. imminent c. appeased b. malice d. vex Julius Caesar Multiple Choice Unit Test 1 63. to worry a. purn b. abide c. visage d. fret 64. one who plots against someone else a. conspirator c. coffers b. apparition d. ensign 65. fodder for livestock a. base b. provender c. coffers d. peevish Julius Caesar Multiple Choice Unit Test 1 Quotation Analysis Directions: Answer the following questions about the quotation of your choice in complete sentences. Make sure that your answers are thorough and descriptive. 1. Copy down the quotation, including citation. 2. Identify the speaker/listener/other people on stage who are important to the quotation. Explain the context of plot events leading up to the quotation. 3.Paraphrase the quotation: put it in your own words 4. Explain any figurative language or rhetorical devices being used by the speaker (hyperbole, simile, personification, metaphor, irony, alliteration, repetition, etc. ). Julius Caesar Multiple Choice Unit Test 1 5. Identify the importance of the quotation. Explain what the quotation reveals about the characters and their motivations or actions. Explain any effect the quotation causes or foreshadows. Explain how the quotation reveals any themes at work in the play. Explain what rhetorical effect the quotation has on the listener (hint: ethos, logos, pathos).

African Americans and the Cold War.

Compare the two articles and comment on how the Cold War impacted upon African Americans during the asses. Historically, the treatment of African Americans was atrocious: unfair and dehumidifying. Throughout the asses, this racial discrimination was noisily protested against and the recognition from governments allowed the African American voice to reach its zenith.The Cold War and the intense ideological disputes between the United States and the Soviet Union aided in the strengthened awareness towards his inequality and led to a slight advancement of the societal position for African Americans. However, with the improvement of the African American voice, coinciding with the war at hand, came governmental fear, resulting in public manipulation and covert force. African American's lived in a consciously limited and divided world, which stifled their individuality and independence.Richard Wright, a Negro who lived through this mistreatment, became the first Negro to highlight the inju stice through protest writing. Wright â€Å"was the angriest, most honest and outspoken black writer†l f the time and his books offer insight into the lengths of racial discrimination and inequality he and other Blacks were subjected to. He made it â€Å"clearer than any black American writer had ever done that as a black man he was not allowed and not able to feel that he was a full-blooded' American†2, but was expected to adhere to the enforced racial hierarchy and â€Å"live his life acting out a demeaning and ludicrous role†3.Life for African American's consisted of constant degradation, with â€Å"daily insults and petty humiliations†4, and customary segregation – the Blacks of America ere inhibited from employment opportunities, denied good education, forced to sit behind Anglo-Saxons (Whites') in public transportation, with enforced racially segregated public housing and most hotels and eateries being closed to those of African descent. Ulti mately, the possibilities for African Americans were limited and they were generally treated as inferior beings.The Cold War tactically exposed the United States' practice of gross inequality and discrimination. The conflict between political ideologies (Communism vs. McCarthy/Democracy) during the War established a central foundation for the movement towards racial equality. In an attempt to gain more party members, the Communist Party capitalized on the African American's protests – â€Å"circulating petitions on police brutality, employment discrimination, and anticipating legislation†¦ Trying to gauge individuals' openness (to the Communist Party)†5.They vigorously and passionately lashed the United States for their treatment of the Blacks while â€Å"actively promoting a racial Justice agenda†6: pushing for unions to include Negroes, campaigning for the desegregation of sousing, encouraging black writers and artists and providing opportunities for blac k leadership. With the promise to combat racism, and being â€Å"the only white organization in the country that paid serious attention to the issues of race and civil rights†7, Communism attracted more membership, especially from those of African descent with the proportion of Black members doubling.With the numbers supporting the American government declining and the â€Å"difficulty sustaining the smooth image of racial progress†8, the government made every effort to counter the Soviet's propaganda. The American politics depraved the Soviets assertions with a public declaration stating that â€Å"despite certain inequalities and conditions which exist, the American way of life provides ample opportunity to correct these conditions through democratic processes†¦The American Negro, down to the poorest sharecropper, is better off than the vast majority of Stalin's subjects†9 while the â€Å"US embassies and consulates throughout the world distributed bookl ets showing the great progress that had been made on race matters†10. As the propaganda hostility dominated newspapers and generic conversation, the United States' developments awards civil rights were largely and continuously broadcasted, with the â€Å"American's†¦ Making much mileage out of the Supreme Court's school-desegregation decision in 1954†³11.Essentially, the Cold War heightened the awareness of racial discrimination and made the unfairness an international issue. The open rebellion against racial prejudice in the United States, meshing with Cold War concerns, evoked fears within the United States' government. The American government grew suspicious of internal communist subversion and as a result the loyalty of all free men', and especially the loyalty of African American's was deemed questionable.With this anxiety, came the intrusion of the loyalty program. This program, introduced by President Harry. S. Truman and adopted by Senator Joseph McCarthy, e stablished a framework for a wide-ranging and powerful government apparatus – the Federal Bureau of Investigations – to perform loyalty checks on every employee. If the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) had ‘reasonable grounds' to doubt an employee's allegiance, he or she would be dismissed.The FBI â€Å"could not tolerate independent thinkers either, as there was one thing considered every bit as bad as being a Red (communist), and hat was being a Black who spoke out against American racism†12, thus â€Å"individuals who had been active in progressive causes, particularly in the African American freedom struggle, were targeted and disproportionately affected†13. Richard Wright and Annie Lee Moss are two African American's who were subjected to the subtle terror of the Loyalty Programs investigations.Both Wright and Moss held supporting attitudes towards the progression of civil rights. In the early ‘ass Wright was under US government sur veillance, assumed for his books protesting against racial scarification, and â€Å"one Sunday in April 1953, Wright was questioned by a member from the Senate Judiciary Committee about his subversive books and his association with the Communist Party, asked to inform on others†¦ Receiving a warning that he could be subpoenaed in front of McCarthy committee†14.Wright's books were, and all rebellious books, were removed from the United States Information Service libraries – a subtle way the government silenced opponents. Annie Lee Moss, whom experienced accusations of disloyalty, was used and still remains â€Å"an enduring symbol of Cold War politics†1 5. Annie Lee Moss was a clerk in the General Accounting Office (GAO), working in close proximity to sensitivity information, and was, â€Å"it seemed, living proof of the possibilities of the American (African) dream†.Moss encountered several accusations of being a member of the communist party, and wa s suspended from her Job twice, only to be reinstated when the â€Å"GAO Loyalty Board determined there were no ‘reasonable grounds' to believe that she was disloyal†16. The allegations and innocence of Moss was biblically broadcasted on â€Å"March 1954, when Edward R. Morrow dedicated an episode of his television news how, See It Now, to her appearance before Senator Joseph McCarthy Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations†17.The broadcast â€Å"demonstrated that McCarthy carelessness threatened the rights of American citizens, but that there were others in the American government committed to defending those rights†18. With the increased amount of hope for African American's, came new forms of discriminatory struggles. The Cold War had a pivotal impact on life for African American's. Though the Blacks of America were victims of new forms of discrimination, ultimately, the Cold War revealed the contradictions in American democracy: how could the United