Approaches to Management

APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT Dr. M. Thenmozhi Professor Department of Management Studies Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 E-mail: [email  protected] ac. in APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Empirical Approach Human Behaviour Approach Social System Approach Decision Theory Approach Mathematical Approach Socio-Technical Systems Approach Systems Approach Contingency Approach Operational Approach REASONS & PROBLEMS 1) Semantic problems in management literature. 2) Contributions from different disciplines. 3) Misunderstanding of principles. EMPIRICAL APPROACH †¢ †¢ †¢ – – – –Study of managerial experiences and cases(mgt) Contributors: Earnest Dale, Mooney & Reiley, urwick. Features Study of Managerial Experiences Managerial experience passed from participationer to students for continuity in knowledge management. Study of Successful & failure cases help practicising managers. Theoretical research combined with practical experiences. †¢ – Uses Learning through experience of others †¢ – – Limitations No Contribution for the development of management as a discipline Situations of past not the same as present. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR APPROACH †¢ – – Organisation as people ) Interpersonal Behaviour Approach – Individual Psychology b) Group Behaviour Approach – Organisation Behaviour †¢ – – – – Features Draws heavily from psychology & sociology. Understand human relations.Emphasis on greater productivity through motivation & good human relations Motivation, leadership, participative management & group dynamics are core of this approach. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR APPROACH Contd.. †¢ Uses – Demonstrates how management can be effective by applying knowledge of organisation behaviour. †¢ Contributors – Maslow, Herzberg, Vroom, Mc Cleland, Argyris, Likert, Lewin, Mc Gregor, etc. Limitations â€⠀œ Treating management as equivalent to human behaviour. – Talks about organisation & organisation behaviour in vague terms. SOCIAL SYSTEM APPROACH †¢ †¢ Understanding the behaviour of groups & individuals. Features 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Social System, a system of cultural relationship Relationship exist between external and internal environment of the organisation. Formal Organisation – Cultural relationships of social groups working within the organisation. Co-operation necessary Efforts directed – harmony between goals of organisation & goals of groups.SOCIAL SYSTEM APPROACH Contd†¦ †¢ Contributors – Pareto, Chester Barnard †¢ Uses – Organisational decisions should not be based on desires of one group alone but should reflect the interests of all the parties. †¢ Limitations – Broader than management & its practice – Overlooks many management concepts principles & techniques that are important to practising ma nagers. DECISION THEORY APPROACH †¢ Manager – Decision maker †¢ Organisation – Decision making unit. †¢ Features – Management is decision making. – Members of Organisation – decision makers and problem solvers. Decision making – control point in management – Increasing efficiency – the quality of decision – MIS, process & techniques of decision making are the subject matter of study. DECISION THEORY APPROACH †¢ Contributors – Simon, Cyert, Forrester, etc. †¢ Uses – Tools for making suitable decisions in organisations. †¢ Limitation – Does not take the total view of management – Decision making – one aspect of management MATHEMATICAL APPROACH †¢ †¢ †¢ Management- logical entity Actions- Mathematical symbols, Relationships and measurable data. Features 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Problem Solving mechanism with the help of mathematical tools and techniques.P roblems Expressed in mathematical symbols. Variables in management – quantified. Scope – Decision making, system analysis & some aspect of human behaviour. Tools – Operations research ,simulation etc. MATHEMATICAL APPROACH Cont.. †¢ Contributors – Newman, Russell Ackoff, Charles Hitch, etc. †¢ Uses – Provided Exactness in management discipline. †¢ Limitations – Not a separate school – Technique in decision making. SOCIO -TECHNICAL SYSTEMS APPROACH †¢ Features – Social & technicals systems interact. This interaction is important for organisational effectiveness. – Organisation – governed by social laws as well as psychological forces. Technical aspects of organisation modified by the social aspects. †¢ Contributors – Trist, Bamforth, Emery etc. †¢ Uses – Organisational effectiveness depends on looking at people and their interactions and also at the technical environment in which they operate. – Change in technology – Change in social interactions at work place SOCIO -TECHNICAL SYSTEMS APPROACH †¢ Limitations – – – – Lack of total managerial view Concentrate on factory or other production system No new contribution People aware about the role of technology of the social system of the work placeSYSTEMS APPROACH †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ An enterprise Man-Made system Internal parts Achieve established goals External parts Achieve interplay with its environment Manager integrates his available facilities with goal achievement. †¢ Uses – Quick Perception – Better Planning †¢ Limitations – Complicated – Expensive CONTIGENCY SCHOOL †¢ In developing management concepts the environment within which the concepts are to be applied has to be considered. †¢ Internal environment – Structure, Processess, Technology. †¢ External Environment – Social, Economic, Political etc. †¢ Features Appropriateness of a management technique depends on situation. –If – Then approach. OPERATIONAL APPROACH †¢ Management is a process. †¢ Universalist / Classist / Traditional Approach. †¢ This school concentrates on the role and functions of managers and distills the principles to be followed by them. †¢ Features – – – – – Functions of managers remain same Functions of management core of good management Framework of management Principles of management †¢ Contributors – Fayol, Lyndall Urwick ,Harold Koontz, Newman, Mc Farland, Taylor. †¢ Uses – Flexible & practical but not universal.

Child Labor Essay

The Industrial Revolution set off an assortment of new improvements that were open to disasters. To begin, there was an increase of food supply. Not much of money was spent on food as it normally would have been, it was spent on manufactured goods too. Now that there was a demand for manufactured goods, there was a demand for workers also. Better agricultural technology left many farmers without jobs. That was not much of a problem because these workers could take the jobs in factories to operate the new machines that were previously invented. These former farming families had to move to cities, while contributing to the new urbanization occurring. Except, when the families moved, the parents were not the only ones put to work in factories, children were too. To avoid a life of poverty, children had to work in sweatshops, mines, or in the same factories as the rest of their family. The events that led up to child labor did not intend to turn into anything vicious. However, as time went on, everything about child labor turned nonsensical. Money was not distributed as it should have been. Working out of home came with a dozen disadvantages. These elements both fabricated unpleasant consequences and insufficient laws. Despite few arguments in support of child labor, it was ultimately unreasonable due to the unfair exchange of work and money, repulsive working conditions, and harmful effects it had in the long run, which eventually resulted in laws against this atrocity. Children working started off by doing minor chores to help out around the house. Parents needed the assistance, and it was not as if the chores were anything outrageous, so there were not many complaints. 2 In fact, most adults generally agreed upon children working. 3 Once children were of age, which was usually around five years old, they did whatever they could. 4 The young kids aided in family cottage industries or working in the fields. As they got older, their tasks alternated. 5 6 According to Alex Fyfe, who wrote an article on child labor, some of these more difficult tasks for teenagers included â€Å"learning trading techniques that could be beneficial in the future. 7 These techniques could involve the basics on how to trade so that he or she was enhancing more than the other person. The children could carry these methods to further generations to ensure families received enough money. Eventually, instead of just working at home, children began going to work in factories, mines, or sweatshops in order to get paid. 8 This settlement was an important economic gain families had to have.

Select a historic building in the UK that you consider to be at-risk Assignment

Select a historic building in the UK that you consider to be at-risk and suitable for rescue by a Building Preservation Tr - Assignment Example Next Steps after Writing a Conservation Statement 17 7.1. Actions to be taken 17 7.2. Reports to be undertaken 17 7.3. Timetable 18 18 8.0. Adoption and Review 18 19 19 9.0. References 20 10.0. Bibliography 22 11.0. Appendix 23 1.0. Introduction to Conservation Statement Elvaston Castle is a historic monument located in Derbyshire, England. It is situated 4 miles to the south-west of Derby. The castle covers an area of 200 acres, which also comprise of its parkland and formal gardens. It is one of the most popular 16th century castles in England. Among the major characteristics of the building, the castle has many gardens, which was designed and nurtured during the 20th century. Adding to that, there are acres of land covering woodlands, parklands, a lake and some picnic areas. The castle is listed as Grade II among the buildings in the UK owing to its importance as a centrepiece of the estate. The entire estate is currently noted to be under the supervision of the Derbyshire County Council, since World War II, following which, the building was completely damaged. However, owing to certain funding issues for its repair, the estate has been up for sale to private companies since the year 2000 (Derbyshire County Council, 2013). The Elvaston castle was re-built in the 18th century by the Sir Thomas Hanselin,  with the intention to make it as residence. ... Correspondingly, partnership can be maintained with the local authority and the country council, which was previously responsible for the maintenance of the building (Elvaston Castle, n.d.). The main intention of writing the conservation statement is to develop clear findings regarding the present issues associated with Elvaston castle, so that these aspects can prove beneficial in enhancing the efficiency of the conservation management plan. 2.0. Understanding the Building and Setting 2.1. Historical Overview The ownership of the building has seen changed in several occasions, right from the 16th century. Sir Thomas Hanselin was the founder and the real owner of the estate. However, as per records, the ownership of the mansion was first passed to the Earl of Harrington, following which the building was redesigned to be used as a residence. Over the period of time, it has been utilized for various purposes, which primarily included it being used as a teaching centre during the post W orld War II period; as a residence and as tourist attraction in the modern era. Accordingly, there have been significant changes in the design, content, ownership and use of the mansion in the passage of time. The building had been redesigned in several occasions with final adjustments being done by the famous architect Lewis Nockalls Cottingham. The content of the estate was later enriched with the addition of the gardens and the country park in course of time. As mentioned in the above section, the ownership of the estate passed from 4th Earl to the Needlers Development Company and currently, to the Derbyshire County Council. It was used by the Earl’s family for many

Economic Consequences of Ageism on the Elderly and the American Research Paper

Economic Consequences of Ageism on the Elderly and the American Healthcare System - Research Paper Example From this paper it is clear that old persons have less employment opportunities and have a lower pay scale as compared to younger employees. The 1967 Equal Employment opportunity Commission provides protection to job applicants and employees from discrimination on the basis of mature age. Aged Americas are an important part of society and can still contribute towards nation building.This report highlights that  the word â€Å"ageism† was coined in 1968 by Robert Butler. The media accepted the term and later it found its way into The Oxford English Dictionary. Ageism has been reported by many old persons and is widely present in the country’s establishment resulting in bigotry in the media, workplace, healthcare and language. For instance, presence of discrimination in case of appointing older persons,   absence of health care in health care institutions, the use of abusive language and the negative portrayal of old persons in cartoons showing them as ugly, cantanker ous and dirty. Negative feelings about a certain group can be called as the negative attitudes. Sickness, impotency, health decline, mental illness, poverty, gloominess, isolation, unattractiveness and futility are the major nine stereotypes depicting bias against elders.A major discrimination against elders is made on the basis of illness faced by majority of their population.  About half of the American population believes that poor health is a grave trouble faced by majority of people over 65.... Negative feelings about a certain group can be called as the negative attitudes. Sickness, impotency, health decline, mental illness, poverty, gloominess, isolation, unattractiveness and futility are the major nine stereotypes depicting bias against elders. A major discrimination against elders is made on the basis of illness faced by majority of their population. About half of the American population believes that poor health is a grave trouble faced by majority of people over 65. However, the fact is that most of the elderly people which constitute more than 85 percent of the elderly population take on strong activities of daily life like ingestion, bathing, etc. Only about 5 percent of these elderly persons are hospitalized. Another stereotype is that older persons have no desire for sexual activity and those who spend ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF AGEISM ON THE ELDERLY AND THE AMERICAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM time in such action can be called as ethically nasty or at the slightest peculiar . The truth is that persons crossing the age of 65 have concern and capability for sexual relationships. They have freedom from alarm of pregnancy, job stress and childbearing errands, free time and more grown-up relations. Ugliness of old people is another common stereotype. Beauty is associated with youth and women particularly fear the loss of their beauty as a result of aging. In contrast to our culture, some cultures like those of the Japanese tend to associate wrinkles and gray hair with insight, development and long term service. Palmore (1999) states that it is thought that age increase from middle age is associated with a decline in ability to learn and remember. But most aged adults tend to keep hold of learning abilities. Illness, lack of education, style of learning,

Gender Criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gender Criticism - Essay Example The husband in this case is the object of betrayal. The author allows the reader to view the thoughts and feelings on the side of the cheating husband, as he is shown to feel guilty of the affair. For instance, when the cheating husband was waiting for his lover, Sarah, in the cafà ©, he was hoping that she did not show up, as deep inside him, he felt he was doing wrong. He expressed this feeling of guilt by saying, â€Å"How strange† (Vivante 2). Because of this, the story seems to go against the standard stereotypical gender role in adultery. Ideally, in a situation where a person feels guilty for betrayal or cheating, like in this story, it is stereotypical for a female character to play the role. At the story’s conclusion, when the husband is with his lover, he keeps thinking of his wife. This represents double irony, as he cheats on both his lover and his wife. He thinks about his wife doing the can-can dance. His reactions to this can be considered to represent the male nature. He hopes for Sarah to be absent during the date, but continues to wait for her. Additionally, he has sex with someone he is not supposed to, but in the process, he thinks of his wife, and is attracted to her. This shows this husband is confused and does not know what he wants. This can be considered to be stereotypical of males in society, as most cheat on their wives yet they are not ready to let go of them. Overall, the aspect of gender criticism has played a major role in examining how the concept of gender has influenced the way this story was written. This has also made an important contribution to the revelation of different themes in the story. Using gender criticism, it has been possible to see how the story reveals some of the stereotypes that are linked with the male and female genders in society. These also include the expectations that have been socially constructed for men and women in the marriage institution. However, the

Smartphones Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smartphones - Annotated Bibliography Example There are a thousand parts of the smartphones that cause a range of concerns. Such issues range from freezing to the force closing of application and booting attached problems just like computer or tablet problems. The warranty coverages halt after some years and hence the customer remains responsible for the hardware or software replacement. In addition, cost a chief setback to smartphones with respect to owning and operating smartphones (Perlow 34). It is interesting to uncover that one’s monthly cell phone bill for the smartphone is higher as compared to ordinary cellphones. Chief Cellphone carriers like Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile and Sprint users pay up to 75 and 120 dollars monthly for Smartphones excluding taxes and fees. The initial costs of acquiring smartphones are also high with a minimum $600. However, it is beneficial to signing on with carriers to due to discounts after signing a contract service. Smartphones provide capabilities such as those of Blackberry, iPhone, Windows Phone and Android that far much compared to basic clamshell and flip-style phones. Smartphones presents users with ability to check for social media sites, email conversation and transaction performance like read books and instant messages. As the smartphones provide capabilities that ordinary cellphones, a sense of convenience crops in those basic cells cannot provide. The GPS application capabilities offer users turn-by-turn directions to anywhere from all location. Bank account balance can be accessed; social networking further helps users keep close ties with relatives, friends and families (Perlow 52). The used smartphones will cost less relative to new ones but still perform the functionality required. They are purchased on auction sites such as eBay as well as when advertised in local newspapers classifieds sections and Craigslist. However, one must assess the smartphone for any past

Optimal Number Of Firms In The Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Optimal Number Of Firms In The Market - Essay Example Imagine if the world is consuming what has been given to them, the world is being operated on daily basis, such as a limited amount of food is prepared daily and in order to prevent the food from getting stale, people consume every unit of it, is it possible Of course there is no chance for such situation, so we have to consider even bigger policies for production and consumption, may be we can use the past records of what is the optimal level of production and consumption or at which particular level firms are having maximum profit and minimum loss. We now have to consider the importance of the circular flow or economic cycle, the market system heavily relies on the supply and demand to solve the three major arising problems that are What goods and services will be produced, it is determined by the daily purchasing decisions of the customers as keeping it on the yearly basis can be very risky, one can see that over the past few years the bird flue took place significantly, therefore we cannot rely on yearly basis as the behavior of consumers can change unpredictably. The second problem is How things or goods produced would be rated in terms of pricing, of course there is a competition everywhere, so the problem of differentiating the product arises. Taking the example of bird flue there are many other issues that are very common in every day life such as at times there is drastic change in the technological market, such as everyday a new computer technology replaces the old one which eventually results in greater competition and brand switching. The third issue is For whome things are produced, here the focus is obviously on consumers and their level of consumption, but supply and demand has a major role to play here. The immediate task the companies have to face is to determine the wages, land rents, interest rates and many factors related to everyday life, it is explained thoroughly later in this discussion. The circular flow is all based on the previously d iscussed three problems. What the flow intends to show is that all the money is constantly moving within a frame of a country, there are minor changes but over all the flow is constant until and unless some big change takes place such as war. The circular flow is all comprised of four things, those are product markets (prices are set by the markets keeping in view the scenario), Household markets (the buyer behavior which keeps on shifting but over all the money utilization and spending is unchangeable), the business sector (which pays the rents and wages to the people working, who are also at the same time are households) and the factor markets (which keep on changing the rents, wages, interests but over all the wealth remains within the country, if less rent for one person may be much higher for another person). Until and unless these problems would not be solved which of course cannot be solved the firms would find it impossible to be operated at an optimal level. "Dollar votes of households interact with business supply in the product markets at top, helping to determine what is produced.

A Overview of the Grand Canyon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Overview of the Grand Canyon - Research Paper Example How the Grand Canyon came into existence? No one knows. There are abundant guesses. Accept it as the one of the most beautiful area of nature. A number of processes and more than one factor must have contributed to its formation and what one sees in the Grand Canyon presently, is the outcome of the process of evolution over a very long period. â€Å"The most powerful force to have an impact on the Grand Canyon is erosion, primarily by water (and ice) and second by wind. Other forces that contributed to the Canyons formation are the course of the Colorado River itself, volcanism, continental drift and slight variations in the Earth’s orbit which in turn causes variations in seasons and climate†. (The Geology†¦.)Canyon is basically located in a desert. Heat of the sun bakes the soil in the Grand Canyon; it becomes so hard that it cannot absorb water, when rains come. The roots of the plants in the Grand Canyon cannot pierce the hard earth-bed and the root systems are very shallow and they absorb as much water as is possible during rains. These plants are unable to block the process of soil erosion. With no check on the soil and rock in place, during heavy rains flash floods occur with devastating consequences. The flood water carries down the Grand Canyon, everything on its course, spares nothing, and big boulders roll down as if they are pebbles. It assumes the shape of flowing concrete and not water. Those hiking through the side canyons must have the accurate information of weather conditions, to avoid calamities. It is a steep canyon. The ‘sculptor’ of this canyon is the Colorado River in Arizona, USA. It is 277 miles long, the maximum width is 18 miles and its depth is a stunning 6000 ft. It is part of the countless years of the Planet Earth’s geological history, and the River and its tributaries are the architects of this

Ethical Issue corrupt FTO Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Issue corrupt FTO - Assignment Example This is whereby the police officers regularly avoid job responsibilities and commit administrative violations. The action of drinking alcohol by the field training officer is significant in relation to his personal accountability and professional accountability. The second ethical violation act committed by the field training officer entails the writing of a favorable evaluation. It is quite obvious that the evaluation is unfavorable and corrupt given that the rookie police officer had received a reprimand for an improper disposition of a traffic accident. In this regard, there are two ethical issues of classification pertaining to this act. Foremost, entails entitlement versus accountability. This comes about when an officer develops a great sense of victimization and increased resentment on administrators and supervisors that are in control over their jobs (Pollock, 96). In this regard, the officer develops a sense of entitlement or a mindset that officer should ‘stick together’ and accord themselves special treatment. The sense of entitlement bestows the belief that officers can operate within their own rules and can bend the law to suite them. Evidently, the field training officer habours a resentment against higher authorities by providing an evaluation that is favorable to the rookie officer despite the earlier reprimand of an improper disposition of a traffic accident. Moreover, the field training officer believes that victimization has been accorded to the rookie police officer through the reprimand given for the improper disposition. This false sense of entitlement and accountability triggers the unethical action by the field training officer in favor of the rookie police officer. The other ethical issue under scrutiny here is in regard to loyalty versus integrity. This is evident by the field officer action in giving a false and favorable evaluation for the rookie police officer. Evidently, the field

Soul Food vs. Fast Food Essay Example for Free

Soul Food vs. Fast Food Essay As Applebees would say, â€Å"There’s no place like the neighbor. † How would the world classify good food? Which one will result in the best answer, hamburger and fries or biscuit with gravy? Is hamburger and fries the best choice because a biscuit with gravy takes more time? There are a lot of reasons why people choose homemade food versus fast food. Both homemade food and soul food taste good, however homemade food offers a variety of history, emotions, and memories of different cultures. Different family meomories take a part of it when its soul food ,because there’s nothing like grandma’s cooking . The homemade food brings family members together. African Americans use the word soul food to describe homemade foods. Soul food normally provides the opportunity for families to come together and even though its a lot of drama when every one come to gether u always remember the food the most . The dinners at grandma’s house are always remembered by family members. The dinners usually consist of chicken, potato salad, beans, and biscuits. After the traditional dinners, someone will always serve the homemade desserts. The elders are normally appreciated because of their love, patience, and knowledge with soul food. This fact never fails, a person who knows about soul food will always return home for their culture’s food. Love can almost be tasted in soul food which comes through mostly in the actual preparation of the dishes. Soul food has a great affect that comes with a special touch, precious time, and extra ingredients. The cook puts so much love in preparing soul food for the family. In many cases, the cooks get delighted when the family eats the food. The cooks obtain a warm feeling especially when someone praises their work. In many cases, people will try their best to Cook soul food just like their mother and grandma, because they miss their soul food. Soul food makes a house feel like a home because the food represents love and comfort. Soul food has history because it passes traditions and customs of the past elders of the family. â€Å"How do you make homemade peach cobbler,† the elders will say, â€Å"Watch carefully and you can learn. † Being a country child growing up, and understanding the background of soul food makes one appreciate the food more. The cannery is where garden vegetables are canned and there are few canneries still around in today’s time. The opportunity of going to the cannery with grandparents is a memory to cherish along with picking fresh vegetables from the garden. This opportunity sets aside the time to learn that homemade cooking is a job before the pots start boiling. On the contrary, fast food restaurants are an excellent choice of convenience. For example at Burger King, a fast food restaurant,†you can have it your way. † The choices of fast food restaurants are a great thing to have in the world. Also, the restaurants are excellent when traveling and trying to satisfy the hunger pain quickly. When parents do not feel like cooking a home cooked meal, they can always go through the drive-thru. Fast food restaurants can be good for a quick date. Quickness is great, especially in today’s society. Applebees is a great place to get away from home for the night. Many people take pleasure in going to fancy restaurants by themselves, with a date? or to gather with friends and/or family. There are plenty of restaurants that are appropriate for every occasion and all ages. Restaurants leave the stomach satisfied but can be healthy and allow family time together. Why healthy? Restaurants include in their menu a variety of salads options grill or bake dishes, and even a weight watchers’ menu. The decision is always in one’s hands to decide between a health dishes or unhealthy dish. All food is delicious but, has downfalls. For instance, fast food does not represent any love but just quickness. There is no special touch, time spent, and extra ingredients. Fast food basically has a concern of reasonable prices or either having the fastest time in the drive –thru. A lot of employees are just in the restaurant to get a pay check rather than having a concern for the customers to have a good lunch or dinner or even breakfast. The restaurant is leaving out the family time because mostly the families are on the go all of the time. The time spent with preparing traditional food is appreciated, but, the tradition that people look for is quickness in fast food restaurant, which leads to obesity. The number one problem is obesity in fast foods. The reason for this issue is that parents go through the drive-thru and let the child order everything. Another reason is that parents are at work all of the time, and this generation is basically choosing from frozen food or fast food when living in this situation. Obesity comes from parents who do not have the time to prepare a loving home cooked meal, only because the parents’ lives are put before their child’s life now. This simply means the child will consume foods by these restaurants or frozen food. This is done on an everyday basis, such as, when the parents take care of their business first or think of something quick all of the time to feed the child. Fast food restaurants are shut down every day due to many reasons. Reasons include failing several health inspections, lack of cleanliness, and not enough cautions. The downfall of this is people do not pay attention to the environment of where their food is coming from. They are all always in a rush. Instead of considering how long it takes to prepare a meal, one should consider it an opportunity to spend more time with the family. People just put their trust in the Employee’s and is not concerned about the cleanliness of employees’ hands. Simply, people need to take the time to pay attention, because fast food is not prepared with so much or no caution. â€Å"Fast food versus soul food,† what could the choice be? Fast food will be the choice if one is on the way to work. Soul food is the ideal choice if one does not have anything on their agenda for the next hour. In this paper, fast food restaurant versus soul food is different and similar in many ways. Fast food is mainly quick and easy. Soul food takes time, yet, it is filled with passion, love, and care. Fast food versus soul food is everybody’s decision every day, just think about the reason why the choice is made, not about the taste of every meal.

Indian Jurisprudence Gender Sensitivity In CRPC Law Essay

Indian Jurisprudence Gender Sensitivity In CRPC Law Essay The basic tenet of criminal jurisprudence is that crime is not genetic, that is, one is not born a criminal. As no iron curtain is drawn between constitution and the accused, an under trial or a convict, his basic human rights cannot be put to jeopardy for an accused or a convict by the mere reason of accusation or conviction, is not denuded from his fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution  [1]  . The distinction between gender and sex is often ignored by those who claim to be the sentinels of gender justice. While once in a while one hears voices against the injustice towards women, our justice system often turns a blind eye to the brutality with which all criminals are treated. It is true that the purpose of a punishment is deterrent and punitive in nature and the offender deserves a hard handed treatment as a retribution for his action, this cannot justify the acts which border brutality. Police, which is the first instrument in the process of ensuring criminal justice, often fails to justify its actions of dishonoring gender dignity of other genders when they interact with them in the society and particularly when they investigate crimes in which they are the suspects, dà ©tinues or the accused.  [2]  Men, women, transsexuals, all fall in the grind of this insensitivity perpetrated in the hands of those in charge of safeguarding the fundamental rights of convicts and other participants( victim, witness etc) in a criminal trial. The fact however remains that while substantive law fails to acknowledge the thin line of distinction between gender and sex and transsexuals and male criminals continue to be treated inconsiderately, our procedural laws, furthered by judicial activism; do provide some sense of sensitivity towards women. Spurred by judicial pronouncements, Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter CrPC or the Act) has been amended time to time to introduce elements of sensitivity towards women. This paper is an attempt to trace the gender-sensitive provisions of CrPC, supported by judicial pronouncements, restricting the scope of gender to women. The discussion runs in three parts: part I dealing with provisions when women are offenders, part II when they are victims of criminal offenses and part III when they are witnesses in a criminal trial. The last part will be followed by a conclusion with an analysis whether these laws provide adequate protection to women and whether the available procedure are being implemented in reality or are merely a letter of law. The CrPC amendments of 2005 and 2008 have been taken as the backdrop of the discussions in this paper. As it is not possible to cover all sections reflecting sensitivity towards women in the prescribed word-limit, the author has narrowed down the scope of discussion to the most important provisions under each part. Part II and subsequently III discuss in detail the special provisions for women in rape cases and other atrocities of women-trafficking, domestic violence and dowry deaths and sexual harassment at work have been excluded from the discussion. Part I Accused Arrest The Indian criminal jurisprudence has been sensitive to the fact that women, being physically weaker, are often mistreated by police while arrest and consequently, provisions preventing any physical or sexual assault while arresting them find place in CrPC. Section 46 of the code enlists the details of how arrests have to be made by the police  [3]  . Parliament, through the 2005 Amendment Act to CrPC introduced in section 46, sub clause 4 to ensure that women offenders are not mistreated while being arrested by the police officers. It read:Save in exceptional circumstances, no woman shall be arrested after sunset and before sunrise and where such exceptional circumstances exist, the woman police officer shall, by making a written report, obtain the prior permission of the Judicial Magistrate of the first class within whose local jurisdiction the offense is committed or the arrest is to be made. The history of this provision can be traced back to the report submitted by the National Human Rights Commission in 1997. The report examined the complaints of human rights violation through abuse of powers of arrest and detention given to the police. According to this report, the NHRC requested that all Indian state governments translate th ese guidelines into their respective regional language and make them available to all Police Officers and in all Police Stations.  [4]   The report includes the following guideline pertaining to the arrest of women, As far as is practicable women police officers should be associated where the person or persons being arrested are women. The arrest of women between sunset and sunrise should be avoided  [5]  . The incorporation of this provision in CRPC was spurred by the case law produced by the Courts in response to the demand for protecting women. In Christian Community Welfare Council of India and another v Government of Maharashtra another  [6]  ,the High Court of Bombay made it mandatory for the presence of a woman officer for arresting a woman. The Supreme Court however reversed the judgment  [7]  , accounting for the situations when arresting a woman is crucial but logistical impediments make the presence of a woman officer difficult. The 2005 amendment act was a closer embodiment of the Supreme Court decision as it gave the police some leeway to arrest females even in absence of lady officers. 2008 Amendment to CrPC saw further sensitizing of arrest procedures with regards to women when a proviso to clause 1 of section 46 was added to ensure that the clause 1 is not misused to offend women who are arrested. As interpreted by Courts, un-amended section 46(1) implied that arrest being a restraint of the liberty of a person, it can be effected by actually contacting or touching the body of such person or by his submission to the custody of the person making the arrest as a mere oral declaration to arrest without actual contact or submission does not amount to arrest.  [8]   The proviso states that Provided that where a woman is to be arrested, unless the circumstances indicate to the contrary, her submission to custody on an oral intimation of arrest shall be presumed and, unless the circumstances otherwise require or unless the police officer is a female, the police officer shall not touch the person of the woman for making her arrest. The proviso permits the physical arrest of a woman by a female officer or unless the circumstances make it an indispensible necessity for the police office to make use of physical force to restrain and arrest her. Even then, the use of force should be reasonable and not more than required to prevent the offenders escape.  [9]   search Section 47  [10]  places restrictions on police while searching for the offender in a place occupied by a pardanasheen woman, in which case she will be adequately notified by the police before search giving her time to remove herself from the sight before the police commences with the search. Clause 3  [11]  of section 51 as well as clause 3  [12]  of section 100 makes it mandatory that the search of a female is conducted only by a lady to ensure that her dignity is not violated in any form.  [13]   Section 53(2)  [14]  and 54  [15]  , that allows for the medical examination of the accused make it mandatory for the police to ensure that female arrestees are examined only by registered female doctor or under her close supervision. bail CrPC empowers every arrestee with the right to be released on bail when arrested for a bailable offence. It is the duty of the police officer to inform him of his right to be released on bail  [16]  . Women however are given the privilege of a bail even in circumstances When a female is arrested for a non-bailable offence, even if the offence is very serious (punishable by death penalty even), the court can release her on bail as provided in section 437(1) of CrPC  [17]  . For instance where a young woman of two infant children was accused of murder along with her husband and her husband was incarcerated for the crime as an under trial, the accused in such facts and circumstances of case would be entitled to be released on bail as per the provisions of this section  [18]  . This provision is not to be taken violative of article 14 of the Constitution as it discriminated between male and female offenders because article 14 had to be read subject to article 15(3) of the Con stitution under which the State Is empowered to make special provisions for women and children. Detention Even though CrPC is silent on the issue of separate provisions for detention of women offenders, Supreme Court in Sheela Barse case  [19]  held that female suspects must be kept in a separate lock-up in the police station. They should not be kept where male suspects are detained. Various states have, by orders made it mandatory that all female prisoners have to be imprisoned in a separate building or in separate part of the same building which is completely separate from the male prisoners.  [20]   In R.D. Upadhyay vs. State of AP.  [21]  , gender specific issues of women have been dealt with by the Supreme Court in detail and minimum standards laid for the care of the mother and the child. In pursuance of this, women inmates are allowed to keep their children up to six years of age. Pregnant women in prisons have to be given proper pre-natal and post-natal care  [22]  . Section 416  [23]  provides the provision of postponement of capital sentence awarded to a women if she is carrying a child. The High Court is also empowered by this section to commute the sentence of death penalty to that of life imprisonment. The purpose behind this provision is to ensure that the unborn child is not penalized for the crimes committed by the mother. Part II Victim Colonial law treated women as chattels: fragments of property of their male messiahs. It took two centuries to liberate the country, and another half to liberate the thoughts. In 1970, India witnessed a rape trial that mocked the very fundamentals of our constitution: equality and justice were stifled as Supreme Court refused to penalize a police personal charged of raping a tribal minor girl, in police custody, on grounds of the girls questionable sexual conduct in past. This was the infamous Mathura rape trial  [24]  . Efforts of women activists and judicial intervening finally paid off and the last decade saw attempts to ensure there werent any Mathuras with the promulgation of the 1983 amendment. In 1983, the government passed the Criminal Law Amendment Act, which created a rebuttal presumption in cases related to custodial rape  [25]  . Custodial rape, gang rape, rape of pregnant women and minor women were recognized as rape offenses by introduction of sections 376A to 376D in the IPC. The government also made amendments stipulating that the penalty for custodial rape should not be less than seven years imprisonment; and it provided for in camera proceedings  [26]  and made the disclosure of the victims identity a punishable offence.  [27]  Publication of proceedings in a rape trial could be possible only with prior permission of the Court. This clause however was amended by the 2008 amendment to facilitate the dissemination of information regarding the atrocities on women and their rights through media. Therefore, the 2008 amendment allows the publication of proceedings in a rape trial provided confidentiality of name and address of the parties is maintained  [28]  . Women rights activist claim that despite the 1983 amendment which did bring some procedural improvement in the state of women in rape trials, not much was reflected in reality. These amendments were not enough to stem the rise in the number of cases of sexual violence against women  [29]  . One crucial defect in the law was the definition of rape under Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which took into account only penile-vaginal penetration. Other physical and mental injuries were left to be dealt with under Sections 354 and 509 of the IPC as `outraging the modesty of a woman.  [30]   In 1996, the substantive redundancy of these laws was exposed in the Gurmeet Singh case  [31]  where the trial court acquitted the rapists disbelieving the version of the prosecutrix( despite section 114A of Evidence Act that allows the assumption of truth in the statement of the victim in rape trials and placing of the burden of proof on the accused) and delay in lodging the FIR, . The Supreme Court, however was emphatic to the cause and laid down certain guidelines to be followed in case of rape trials  [32]  : Delay in lodging FIR is not material if properly explained. Testimony of the prosecutrix in cases of sexual harassment in cases of sexual assault is vital and unless there are compelling reasons which necessitate looking for corroboration of her statement, the Court should find no difficulty in convicting the ccused on prosecutrix testimony alone. Trial of sexual offences should be in camera and invariably by a lady judge wherever available. Court must restrain making observations that probably the prosecutrix is a girl of loose moral character. Court is under an obligation to see that prosecutrix is not unnecessarily harassed and humiliated in cross examination in case of rape trial. In the case of Dildar Singh v. State of Punjab  [33]  , it has been held by Honble Apex Court that delay in lodging of the first information report cannot be used as ritualistic formula for doubting the prosecution case and discarding the same on the ground of delay in lodging the first information report. Some of these guidelines were translated into law by subsequent amendments to Indian Criminal Law. Later, vide the 2003 amendment to Indian Evidence Act, a proviso was added to section 146 which allowed for cross examination. It made it impermissible to question the prosecutrix in a rape trial regarding her past sexual conduct and history.  [34]   With the 2005 amendment to CrPC, section 53A  [35]  was added to incorporate provisions for medical examination of the rape accused to provide evidence. As for the examination of the rape victim, she cannot be medically examined without her consent, as stated in 164A  [36]  of CrPC. In case she is unable to express her consent, a person competent to consent on her behalf will do so. Also, the medical examination of both the accused and the victim has to be conducted within 24 hours of receiving the information of the offense. Notified on 31 December 2009 was the latest amendment in CrPC in an attempt to sensitize the criminal laws towards protection of women further. Many provisions were introduced to minimize the harassment faced by victims during the process of investigation and trial in a rape case. The amendment act introduces a proviso in section 157  [37]  stating that the statement of the victim in a rape case has to be recorded , as far as feasible, by a lady officer, in a place she feels comfortable in: preferably her house and in presence of her parents, guardians, near relatives or a social worker. This was primarily done to avoid the humiliation the victim has to suffer in revisiting the details of the horrifying incident in front of police men and others in a police station. Besides this, the act allowed audio-video electronic means to record statement under 161 and 164 of CrPC to facilitate victims who are not in the physical or psychological state to be present in person before the magistrate for a statement. The amendment act adds to section 327, the provision of a lady judge trying a rape case as far as possible so as to bring a compassionate thought to the proceedings. One of the major contributions of the 2008 amendment act is the introduction of section 357 A  [38]  in CrPC providing for the provision for compensation to victims for injuries suffered. Though this provision is not women-specific, it can prove to be a major instrument for justice by providing the rape victims adequate compensation for the physical and emotional torture they were subjected to. Compensation for rape was recognized by the Supreme Court for the first time in the Chandrima Das case  [39]  where the court held that the relief can be granted to the victim for two reasons- firstly, on the ground of domestic jurisprudence based on the Constitutional provisions( as her fundamental right to life and dignity is violated in a crime of this heinous a nature); and secondly, on the ground of Human Rights Jurisprudence based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 which has international recognition as the Moral Code of Conduct- adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. Activists hope that 357A will not merely be a procedural puppet in the hands of the state government and be actually utilized in facilitating some compensations to the unfortunate victims of rape and sexual violence. The amendment also has provision of right to appeal for victims. Currently, the right to appeal lies with the state which directly fights the case with the accused. Under the proposed change, the victim can independently hire a lawyer and go in for an appeal in addition to what the state does  [40]  . Part III Witness Police is authorized by section 160  [41]  of CrPC to summon a witness during investigation in case. This power however is limited by the proviso to sub-section 1 that restricts the police from summoning a male below fifteen years of age or a woman other than the place of his or her residence. A woman accused or a witness should not be summoned or required to attend at any police station under section 160 but they must be enquired only by women police or in presence of woman police at the place where they reside.  [42]  It was considered by the Supreme Court , in the Nandani Satpathy  [43]  case, to be a matter of public policy to keep minor children and women away from police company except as much as possible till the time community confidence and consciousness will regard the police force as entitled to better trust and soften the stigmatizing provisions now writ across the code.  [44]   In the landmark case of Sakshi v Union of India  [45]  , the Supreme Court realized and acknowledged the pain and trauma a woman goes through when she is asked to reiterate the soul-scathing instance of rape and prescribed guidelines for treatment of victims and witnesses in a rape trial. The court accounted for the fact that the mere sight of the accused may induce an element of extreme fear in the mind of the victim or the witnesses and can put them in a state of shock, making it difficult to give a true testimony  [46]  . Therefore, a screen or some such arrangement can be made where the victim or witness do not have to undergo the trauma of seeing the body or face of the accused. In State of Maharashtra and P.C.Singh v Dr. Praful Desai  [47]  , the Supreme Court explicitly recognized video conferencing as a means of recording evidence in a rape trial to facilitate the victim-witness to answer questions without fear or embarrassment. The latest amendment to CrPC seems to be a manifestation of this guideline by the Court as it adds to section 275  [48]  , a proviso allowing audio-video electronic means to witness in presence of advocate of the accused so as to facilitate their testimony if they feel uncomfortable facing the accused and others in the court room. Conclusion Though amendments over the last two decades have introduced some element of sensitivity in our criminal laws, skeptics have their reservations regarding the same. The way women have been treated in criminal justice system in the past makes it difficult to place faith in it. For instance, the 2008 amendment act introducing the provision of women judges hearing rape cases is being frowned upon by some women rights activists and is being seen as a means of ghettoizing  [49]  female judges, confining them only to women related matters. There seems some legitimacy in this accusation as if providing male judges was the problem to be solved, why is one ignoring the male defense lawyers projecting scathing questions to the victim. Moreover, since there are lesser number of female judges in the country, waiting for the appointment of one in a rape trial will delay the justice further by weeks. Despite the gender-sensitive provisions like women officers arresting female offender, the system fails to account for practical impediments like the skewed ratio of male and female officers  [50]  . A gender-sensitive, rather than a gender-biased system seems a more wholesome solution to the approach as law as without the backing and support of law-enforcement authorities, the laws made are hollow words, which go unnoticed. Gender sensitivity, not gender, is the watchword, for patriarchy is endemic to the system, not a trait of males alone  [51]  .  Thus, what is needed today is not merely simulated sensitivity in procedural law, rather its reflection in reality to ensure that no woman is wronged in the hands of those claiming to dispense justice.

My Dream of Becoming a Veterinarian Essay -- Admissions Essays

My Dream of Becoming a Veterinarian As far back as Dawn can remember she has always dreamed of becoming a veterinarian. It all started when Dawn’s parents gave her, Samson, Doberman pinscher puppy as her first pet. They grew up to become best friends. At age 12, her best friend had developed a tumor on his chest. It devastated Dawn that she could do nothing for her friend. She had no way of helping him. This was just one of the signs that everything she had felt in her heart was meant to be. For her, to become a veterinarian, so she could help animals. While in high school, she volunteered in vet’s office so she could be closer to animals. After high school, she had planned on going to college to follow her dream. However, life had other plans for her, she discovered she was pregnant. Following her dreams had to go on the back burner for now. Dawn tried to find a job that would support her & her son. All she could find was minimum wage jobs with crazy hours. Therefore, she went to a local college & signed up for classes, she was going to major in Accounting. She was good at math in high school; she thought that Accounting would be a great job. It was not her dream job but in the end, Accounting would pay the bills. At the end of her first year of college, she discovered she was again pregnant with her second son. After the birth of her second son, she was involved in an abusive relationship with the father of her son. Dawn took time off from school to get her life in order if not for her for her children. After getting her life in order, she graduated from college with an Associates Degree in Accounting. After getting her degree, she worked several jobs such as an Accounts Payable Clerk, an Administrative Assistant, an Offic... ...ght thing. Soon, she started believing herself. She decided she was going to attend the same schools she had planned to attend back in high school, Morehead State University & Auburn University. Dawn started to doubt herself again. How could she make in a school with people ten years younger than her? What would they think of her going back to school at her age especially for what she wanted to do? How will she ever make it? However, Dawn being the determined person she is wasn’t going to let anything stop her this time. It was now or never plus she wasn’t going back to school for them she was going for her & her family. She has to keep her mind heading in the right direction. No matter what Dawn feels, she will always be a little bit scared. But you just cannot live by being scared; life will happen the way it is supposed to happen you just have to enjoy the ride.

Essay --

Jonathan Etra Professor Eric Blanchard International Politics 13 February 2014 Word Count: 1331 Shifting Paradigms: An Analysis of Conflict and Cooperation in International Politics When seeking to understand the central problems that actors face in international politics, there are no universal tools, including paradigms and levels of analysis, that unilaterally account for the global state of affairs. However, by utilizing these instruments, political scientists are able to analyze situations independently and account for context. Paradigms are statements of the underlying assumptions used by a school of analysis such as realism, liberalism and constructivism (Nye & Welch, 62). The models often explore levels of analysis, which include individual actors, states and the global system. Historically, when considering cooperation and conflict in the international arena, much emphasis has been placed on realist theory. However, it seems that a new age of technological innovation and rapid globalization has spawned new avenues for liberalism to triumph. This transition is best explained through the lens of constructivism. By exploring the varying applicability of t he paradigms presented, one gains a greater understanding of the ever-evolving international arena. First, it is important to consider the anarchic system of states, the current form of world politics. In the anarchical system, states are unboundedly independent and are neither obligated to, nor protected by international law (Doyle, 114). In what is often referred to as the Westphalian model, states are political entities that have territoriality and autonomy. Territoriality means that a state’s authority extends over a defined area. Autonomy infers that external act... ... However, the increasingly interdependent nature of the international system has substantially augmented international collaboration. While such cooperation cannot ensure peace, it certainly has made the cost of war much greater. Constructivism and liberalism, unlike the Hobbesian realist perspective, take mitigating institutions into account when analyzing world order. They reason that self-help theory does not dominate and contend that when a system is more social, laws, rules and norms play a greater role. Yet, there are still situations in which the channels of alleviation do not exist and the realist perspective still dominates. Ultimately, while no universal system of analysis exists, by reviewing conflict and cooperation through varying lenses, namely realism, liberalism and constructivism, one can gain a considerable understanding of international politics.

Friendship in Wordsworths Tintern Abbey :: English Literature Essays

Friendship in Wordsworth's Tintern Abbey Of all the topics Wordsworth covered in his poetic lifetime, friendship stands out as a key occupation. His own personal friendship with Coleridge led to the co-writing of Lyrical Ballads in 1789. The poem â€Å"On Friendship,† written to Keats after an argument in 1854, states, â€Å"Would that we could make amends / And evermore be better friends.† In â€Å"Lines Written a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey,† we find the purest expression of Wordsworth’s fascination with friendship. Written on the banks of the Lye, this beautiful lyric has been said by critic Robert Chinchilla to â€Å"pose the question of friendship in a way more central, more profound, than any other poem of Wordsworth’s since ‘The Aeolian Harp’ of 1799† (245). Wordsworth is writing the poem to his sister Rebecca as a way of healing their former estrangement. Rebecca Wordsworth was, as many writers have pointed out, distressed at Wordsworth’s refusal to hold a full-time job—like many a youth after him, Wordsworth was living the carefree life of the artist. Rebecca wanted him put to rights. He should become an adult now. â€Å"Tintern Abbey† is Wordsworth’s attempt to explain himself to Rebecca, but also, in crucial ways, to himself. As the poem opens, Wordsworth is standing a few miles above the ruined Tintern Abbey. He states: Five years have past; five summers, with the length Of five long winters! and again I hear These waters, rolling from their mountain-springs With a soft island murmur. Despite his position, Wordsworth can hear the â€Å"soft island murmur† of the mountain springs. As â€Å"five long winters† suggests, Wordsworth is cold and dreary—London, we must remember, is a bitter place. He longs for the islands: the sand, sun, and warm waters that those murmurs suggest. The coldness of winter could be brought about by Rebecca’s distance from her brother; they had been, at the time of the poem’s writing, separate for five long years. But he can hear reconciliation coming just at the edge of hearing: he can spot the horizon of friendship. But no sooner does friendship appear in the poem than it is thwarted by these lines: Green to the very door; and wreaths of smoke Sent up, in silence, from among the trees! With some uncertain notice, as might seem Of vagrant dwellers in the houseless woods, Or of some Hermit's cave, where by his fire The Hermit sits alone.

Hong Kong vs Uk Business Norms Essay

This paper will introduce the audience to the historical background of Hong Kong; business dos and don’ts comparing Hong Kong to the UK; financial, economic, political and social climate of Hong Kong. The aim is to provide fundamental data to assist a professional when conducting business in Hong Kong effectively but also respectfully. Hong Kong Background Hong Kong can be found on China’s south coast region bordered by the Pearl River Delta and the South China Sea. Geographically, Hong Kong has a total area of 1,104 square kilometres which include 262 outlying islands (GovHK, 2012). The population is over 7 million, with the majority speaking Cantonese though English is still widely used. Hong Kong was acquired by the British Empire from the Qing Dynasty during the first opium war from 1839-1842 (Kan, 2010). After 150 years of British colonial rule, in 1997 China resumed sovereignty over Hong Kong (U.S. Department of State, 2012). Hong Kong is under Chinese rule and the Chinese government is responsible for Hong Kong’s security and foreign relations. Hong Kong, however, is recognized as Special Administration Region of the People’s Republic of China. This ensures that Hong Kong’s customs territory and economic entity are separate from the rest of China. This allows Hong Kong to enter into international agre ements on its own behalf in commercial and economic matters (U.S. Department of State, 2012). Government/ Politics The government of Hong Kong is noted to be economically liberal. Hong Kong is an autonomous special administrative region of the People’s Republic of China. The current government executed under Hong Kong’s basic law is secured in this autonomy for 50 years (GovHK, 2012). The governmental structure is directed by a chief executive and an executive council, accompanied with a two-tier system of a representative government and an independent judiciary. Economic & Financial Climate Based on rule of law, limited government, regulator efficiency, and open markets ranked by the Heritage foundation with a score of 89.3, Hong Kong is ranked as the freest global economy in 2012 and has successively kept this title for the past 19 years (Heritage Foundation, 2012). Hong Kong â€Å"is a Freeport with no barriers to trade; has simple procedures for starting enterprises, free entry of foreign capital and repatriation of earnings, and transparency; and operates under the rule of law (Heritage Foundation, 2012).† Hong Kong switched from an industrialized manufacturing economy to a service based economy in the 1980s (economywatch.com). Hong Kong’s free market economy is built on the harbour, investments and trade (Sociology for Change, 2007). Hong Kong is dependent on international trade and finance. 92.3% to the GDP in 2009 which was contributed from the service sector (economywatch.com). The major industries in Hong Kong are textile/garment, banking/financial services and tourism. Hong Kong is the third largest distributer of garments in the world. In 2008 Hong Kong exported $40 billion US dollars’ worth of textiles and garments which is 11% of the territory’s total exports (economywatch.com). In the financial sector, Hong Kong has the world’s 10th largest security exchange, with a market cap of $2.7 trillion (GovHK, 2012). At the end of 2012 there were 1,533 companies listed as trading on the Hong Kong stock exchange (SEHK). In 2009, 2010 and 2011 Hong Kong was listed as the highest ranking market for IPO’s (GovHK, 2012). Looking at Hong Kong’s banking industry at the end of 2012, there were 154 licensed banks, 20 restricted licence banks and 25 deposit-taking companies. These banks come from 34 countries and include 69 out of the 100 world’s largest banks (GovHK, 2012). Conducting Business Hong Kong vs. United Kingdom Introduction This section will inform the reader on both Hong Kong and the United Kingdom’s etiquette and protocol relating to business practices. I will concentrate on how business meetings are conducted, how business decisions are made and how negotiations are conducted in the business realm while integrating Hofstede’s cultural theory. I will conclude with possible challenges and pitfalls that should be considered if the â€Å"dos and don’ts† fall short or turn out to be limited. Hong Kong Pre-departure Info Working Practices Prior to flying over on a business trip to Hong Kong, it is suggested that one ought to understand the common business practices. Confucianism is entrenched within Chinese philosophy and plays a strong influence on the importance of social relations that Hong Kong’s people are known for. So when we look at â€Å"the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members,† which defines the Individualism dimension, it’s not shocking to see Hong Kong as a collectivist culture, where people tend to think of the groups interests rather than their own personal objectives. In Hong Kong a large number of businesses are family owned and it’s normal for family members to work for the same companies (cummunicaid.com). Hong Kong’s daily business hours are from 9am to 5pm with a lunch break from 12noon to 2pm (communicaid.com). When scheduling a business trip to Hong Kong you should avoid the holidays. Vacations are usually scheduled around the weeks surrounding Christmas, Easter and the Chinese New Year; most business are typically closed during these periods (cummunicaid.com). After you plan your business trip in accordance to that criterion, it’s best to schedule appointments in accordance to their customs, noting that punctuality is important and that tardiness could be considered disrespectful. Taking that further, reputation also known as â€Å"concept of face† explained as the adherence to proper honourable ethical and social norms of a society in all situations and times is also something the Hong Kong society considers highly during business practices (cummunicaid.com).When making appointments they should be scheduled in advance to your arrival and in some cases one to two months’ notice is a courteous (cummunicaid.com). Organizational Hierarchy in Hong Kong Companies Hong Kong is a high power distance culture and we can point out that hierarchy is ingrained in the business culture. In Hong Kong, companies clearly define the line of authority with the distance between superiors and subordinates which are constantly maintained (cummunicaid.com). Men still dominate the workforce although in the recent years women are becoming more active. Some say this is because of the Western influence of equality (cummunicaid.com). In Hong Kong it’s imperative to maintain harmony and avoid conflict in a group atmosphere. In the public atmosphere of Hong Kong, the people always keep calm, show no emotion and refrain from criticising out in the open. This compliments Hong Kong’s slightly male dominated society. Hong Kong is a success oriented and driven society, where it is not uncommon for people to spend many hours at work. Conducting Business Standard business attire for men would be dark colored suits and for women dark colored suits with trousers or skirts (cummunicaid.com). When greetings take place, it’s traditional to both give a Chinese bow and a Western handshake. Keep in mind that you address them with their title and last name, if you’re in a group setting the most senior person should be greeted first (cummunicaid.com). Hong Kong people are keen on building relationships, so small talk should be expected and if you are offered an invitation to a social event you should never reject that opportunity (cummunicaid.com). Moving forward to the exchanging of business cards, one is expected to exchange business cards with two hands and accepting it also with two hands. It’s courtesy to examine the card for a few moments reading it to familiarize yourself with the name and the title, before placing the card in your pocket (cummunicaid.com). When negotiations take place one must expect for the deals to move at a slow pace and must avoid losing composure for this will damage ones reputation also known as â€Å"losing face† (kan, 2000). It’s not uncommon for an astrologer or a feng shui practitioner to determine a singing date if a contract is on the table (kan, 2000). Fred Kan also highlights that if a colleague sucks air through their teeth while you’re speaking, this signifies they are unhappy and its best to try and reiterate or adjust your position. After the business deal has been presented the decision usually arrives from a group consensus, but leaving the top of the company having the last to say (cummunicaid.com). Table Etiquette In Hong Kong it’s common for business transactions to take place or end up at the dinner table. If invited to dinner expect alcohol to be present. If your host decides to make a toast it’s customary for you to follow up with your own toast which should consist of good health and prosperity (cummunicaid.com). Meals are often served family-style and you are encouraged to try everything, but don’t take the last piece as this can be seen as selfish gesture. United Kingdom Pre-departure Info Working Practices Distinguished for its constitutional monarchy, rich history of the colonial empire and deeply ingrained traditions, the British Empire now known as the United Kingdom is a culturally and ethnically diverse nation that is made up of four countries. Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland and England comprise the United Kingdom. The UK is a member of the European Union and currently is ranked fourth in trading within Europe. British culture is known for its indirectness, â€Å"stiff upper lip† and dry humour. It’s a common communication style in the UK that direct questions are often answered with indirect answers filled with ambiguous subtleties which forces one to pay close attention to tone of voice and facial expression to fully understand the response given (communicaid.com). Displays of emotion, positive or negative should be avoided in public space. The term â€Å"stiff upper lip† describes the British portrayal of reserve and restraint when faced with difficult s ituations (communicaid.com). Humour a key component to the culture of the British life style and is commonly used as a defence mechanism (communicaid.com). Organizational Hierarchy in British Companies In the work environment, the British are known to be formal. In the past, the British preferred to work with colleagues and companies they knew of, however the younger generation of business professionals do not require any form of relationship in order to begin business. Networking and building strategic relationships are the fundamental to long-term success in the UK. Superiority is respected, although colleagues gravitate to people at their own level to work with directly. This hierarchy can be notated as â€Å"flat† where the principal divide is between managers and other ranks (communicaid.com). The board of directors are the key decision making group and managers are understood to be the coaches creating a supportive working environment (communicaid.com). Conducting Business In the professional atmosphere men should be dressed in a dark colored suit and women should wear either a business suit or a conservative dress (communicaid.com). Upon the initial meeting it is common to shake hands with everyone upon arrival and maintain steady eye contact during the greeting. I must highlight that one should wait until given permission to move onto a first name basis. Under special circumstances if you’re in the presence of someone who have been knighted then they are to be called â€Å"Sir† followed by their first and surnames (communicaid.com). Also during the initial greeting it’s common for professionals to exchange business cards and may be placed into the pocket after having just a moment’s glance. There are no rituals when exchanging business cards in the UK. When a meeting is conducted, depending of the level and status of the people attending, it will dictate how the meeting will commence. A free flow meeting usually occurs when everyone is at the same level, if there is a senior ranking person in the room, then they will do most of the speaking. Meetings are usually formal with a set agenda identifying the purpose. In British culture it is suggested that, when presenting to a group, one must make sure to be prepared with facts; relying on facts is more stable than emotions (communicaid.com). After concluding the meeting it is customary to send a printed summary containing the next steps which are to be taken in a letter to the attendees. The British are known to follow established rules and practices which make the decision process a slow systematic one (communicaid.com). When dealing with the British in business negotiations patience will be required. Communication will also be one area to focus on. The British communicate in a controlled fashion and only rarely raise their voices to make a point (kats, 2008). The level of directness depends on the strength of the relationship, education and status. Vague statements that may be difficult to understand are common when communicating with the British. Lothar Kats explains it best when identifying the â€Å"British are masters of understatement and often use subtle irony† Contrast: Hong Kong vs. UK After reviewing both Hong Kong and UK there are a few similarities and a few differences. In Hong Kong traditional values of respect to hierarchy, the exchange of business cards and developing a personal relationship are cornerstones within their society. Whereas in the United Kingdom building personal relationships was once a tendency that no longer exists; the younger generations move forward and start the business process. When dealing with the British in business one must pay close attention to the conversation. The tone, eye contact, and understated response can commonly lead to a misunderstanding if one is not paying close attention. It is therefore best to not underestimate the importance of humour in the British business environment (communicaid.com). The hierarchy in Hong Kong is clearly defined with ample distinction between subordinates and superiors. Contrastingly, the UK is known for a â€Å"flat† structure where most business is usually dealt with by colleagues of the same level. Taking a glance into the integration of women in the work place we see the UK with comparable numbers men to women while in Hong Kong the introduction to women in the work place is a recent occurrence. Comparing the two nations in regards to how a professional is to book a business appointment we see in Hong Kong it’s common to make an appointment one to two months in advance unlike the United Kingdom its common for just giving several days’ notice. In conclusion, we can see that it is vital for one to do background research on the business norms prior to jumping on a plane to conduct business internationally. Cultural Intelligence Elisabeth Plum defines cultural intelligence as the ability to act in an appropriate way in multicultural situations coupled with the ability to have an open mind which admits new information and is curious about diversity. Cross-national work is an example of cultural intelligence, and when an organization needs to join forces and partner with other businesses in other countries to keep business efficient it important to prevent conflicts. As discussed earlier in this paper it’s important to understand the culture that you’re doing business with. In order to have successful negotiations in the international market place the smallest misunderstanding could have a negative outcome. Looking to Hong Kong, if a professional arrives dressed in white or in blue colors to a meeting and speaks out of turn that could essentially dissolve any hope of a business deal, as the Hong Kong society associates white and blue with mourning and speaking out of turn shows disrespect for the power structure.

A clean cut differentiation between the two is one explained by Robert Cialdini

In a world where its inhabitants have diverse beliefs and point of views, it is usually difficult to influence others to change their perspectives; hence, man resorts to persuasion or manipulation to achieve this end. Persuasion and manipulation are two different concepts that are more or less synonymous, but it is in their little differences that we are able to know better these two terminologies.It is said that â€Å"manipulation aims at control; not cooperation. It always results in a lose-lose situation. Persuasion, on the other hand, always builds the self-esteem of the other party. It treats the other person as a responsible and self-directing individual (Swets, 2006).† Thus, control is the basis of manipulation, while cooperation is that of persuasion.Manipulation, in order to be done, is complemented with the use of coercion and deceit just to influence a person to do something. On the other hand, persuasion tries to influence people up to the extent necessary, but not crossing into the unethical aspects of influencing people. It tries to get people to agree to certain things on their own decision.A clean cut differentiation between the two is one explained by Robert Cialdini (2005), a psychologist. He said that manipulation involves the unethical use of the principles of persuasion and some of those involve brute force or coercion to achieve a goal.Persuasion involves the use of principles that exist in the situation and that allow us to inform people into yes, to educate them into yes, by giving them a view of reality as we see it. It involves moving them in a direction that we desire, on the basis of valid information.Thus, it is suggested that persuasion must be resorted always rather than manipulation because the latter tends to lean on the negative side. Persuasion is a civilized way of influencing people.References:Swets, P. (2006), ‘The Art of Talking So That People Will Listen’ in Burg, B. (2006). Persuasion†¦or Manipul ation: Are They Different Things? [webpage]http://hodu.com/compliments.shtmlDate accessed: 4 April 2007.Cialdini, R, (2005), The Psychology of Persuasion [webpage]http://www.journalofbusinessstrategy.com/articles/RobertCialdini.shtmlDate accessed: 4 April 2007

Morality and Sister Essay

Apr 27, 2009 – It is a ve ry moving story and when I read the book I cried my eyes out. If you have not yet read the book, do yourself a favor and do so. Some issues I †¦ What is the major bioethical issue in my sisters keeper †¦4 answers19 Apr 2012 Parents: Who else has seen the movie â€Å"my sisters keeper †¦3 answers19 Sep 2011 My Sister’s Keeper! Moral Issues? – Yahoo Answers3 answers17 Aug 2011 What was a social issue , in the movie â€Å"My Sister †¦2 answers29 Mar 2011 More results from answers.yahoo.com CNS Movie Review: My Sister’s Keeper www.catholicnews.com/data/movies/09mv069.htm‎ NEW YORK (CNS) — The moral issues of â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper† (New Line) are laid out for us even before the opening credits have finished rolling. Narrator †¦ My Sister’s Keeper (Review of the Film, a tothesource article †¦ ecclesiaofwomen.ning.com/forum/topics/my-sisters-keeper-review-of‎ Jul 9, 2009 – The film â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper† depicts the confusion and suffering that †¦ The Island, My Sister’s Keeper takes on a real-life issue commonly known as â€Å"savior sibling. †¦ Technology, apart from any ethical or moral compass, has †¦ Ethical Issues On My Sister s Keeper Movie Free Essays 1 – 20 www.sparknotes.com †º †¦ †º Literature Study Guides †º My Sister’s Keeper‎ In 2004, Picoult published My Sister’s Keeper. Like most of her works, the novel takes on a range of morally complex issues, from the ethics of genetic †¦ My Sister’s Keeper Health, Social, Ethical and Moral Issues.

Public Education System

In the past few decades school has shifted its focus from education to fashion. Students are judged upon their shoes or jeans rather than their knowledge. Uniforms in the public education system is a great idea, not only is it cost effective, but also it gives the students a chance to concentrate on their studies and not have to worry about what to wear tomorrow. Plus the crime or violence rate drops in schools that have a uniform policy, and those that do not belong on campus are spotted quicker and easier. Private schools ave already adopted this idea as well as some schools in England and Australia. Early morning or late evening fights over what is allowed to be worn to school could come to an end if uniforms are issued in the public The kids that come from lower class level backgrounds are the kids out there selling drugs and committing the crimes, but the money made goes to buy the latest designer jeans, just so that they are â€Å"cool† at school. A difference in the violence on school grounds has decreased in areas were school uniforms are mandatory. Gang activity is not as high because the students can not show their colors or signs at school. Sgt. Joe Battle, a Long Beach, California juvenilia officer states that, â€Å"uniforms take away the No. 1 reason that kids treat each other differently; how they look† (Ritter, 1A). Long Beach was the first public school in the nation to have mandatory school uniform policy. The crime rate there is down 76 percent, and assaults on school property is also down by 85 percent (Starr,1). One of the reasons behind the sudden change in school policy has to do with the recent school hootings. The most famous and talked about one was the Columbine High School. The two teens were able to bring in weapons to the school under trench coats. With uniforms this could have been prevented, because long coats are not to be worn in the school. Even the President of the United States is moving to the uniform policy. President Clinton has given speeches during his State of the Union address including that uniforms keep kids, † from killing each other over designer jackets† (Ritter, 1A). The way that the kids are dressed is more important than the grades they make. The students are able to focus on the education rather than someone else's new clothes. Parents that were not too sure of the idea agree that there are more positives than negatives to wearing uniforms. The students are less distracted and can concentrate on the teacher. Students admit that having everyone wear the same thing is easier on them. No one worries about whether or not they wore something last week or that they don't have the name brand labels to flash around. Kids that can't afford the name brands are the ones with the lower test scores and poorer attendance. The cost of uniforms in comparison to the latest fashion is ridiculous. For what it would cost to buy a major household appliance, two or three of the latest designer outfits can be bought. The students who don't have the money to buy all the newest clothes tend not to go to class as much because they feel they don't fit in. It used to be that the kids that wore the K-Mart or Wal-Mart brand of clothes were thought of as uncool. Uniforms don't only bring down the cost of clothes for the parents, but the school spirit is higher and the students feel a sense of unity. The line between the poor and rich kids is brought down, the students can no longer tease on another because of their clothes as they are all dressed the same. Administrators can spot a person who does not belong on campus faster and easier if they a don't have a school uniform on. Uniforms can be bought at almost any clothing store. Prices range from $5-$7 for shirts, $10 for shorts and pants and $7 for a jumper. Now compare that to $30-$80 for jeans and$15-$30 for a shirt. Majority of parents only buy two or three uniforms a school year Students all dressed the same that is the whole idea. But there some negative aspects of this area. Psychologist Ruth Rubinstein at the Fashion Institute of New York argues that having students dress alike decreases their sense of expression or creativity. Although students can express themselves in the classroom or even wear different socks. Some days are specified for the optional dress down, where the children can wear what ever they would like. If the students have to wear uniforms then so should the teachers and staff. How can the students be expected t follow the teachers lead if they are not in uniforms as well? This makes the whole school equal and the principles' job easier for enforcing the dress code. Some schools do have strict dress codes if a not a uniform policy. Students must wear clothing that is appropriate for a learning environment. No sleeveless shirts or offense slang or short, shorts are not allowed. Students that do not follow the rules could be suspended. Schools could go as far as to not allow skirts to be worn. Some schools have an optional uniform policy. Most parents and students choose to wear uniforms because of At the moment many public schools are only using uniforms under a voluntary basis. With this system they hope to increase awareness of the benefits that these uniforms hold. These uniforms will help to lower budgets, school violence and help students become more accepted among their peers. Fatal accidents could be avoided with the use of uniforms in the public school system. It is not just a fast growing trend to make the school look better, but also a way to increase the chances of a more secure learning environment.

The Watergate Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Watergate Scandal - Essay Example The Watergate Complex includes several administrative and hotel building located on the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., but unlike hundreds other complexes of similar caliber the Watergate is known to almost any adult citizen in the US and abroad. In fact, the event was so important that the term 'Watergate' is more commonly associated with a series of political scandals that culminated in constitutional crisis than with the hotel. The Watergate Scandal occurred during the presidency of Richard Nixon and began with arrest of five burglars at the Watergate hotel complex in Washington, D.C. and ultimately resulted in dramatic resignation of President Nixon on the 9th of August, 1974.In the months preceding the Watergate break-in, Nixon and his administration had been extremely preoccupied with their public image, and took every possible step to avoid negative publicity. The preoccupation was reasonable: Nixon's policies regarding the Vietnam War generated much criticism, and the lea king of the documents concerning the US involvement in the Vietnam War submitted to the New York Times by Daniel Ellsberg in 1971 only fueled the criticism (Bernstein and Woodward 165).In order to prevent further leaks, Nixon established a special unit nicknamed the "Plumbers". The unit led by G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt (both of them were close to Nixon) took advantage of the situation to get involved in investigation of the private lives Nixon's critics justifying their actions with national security consideration. Evidently, the true motives underlying many actions of the Plumbers had more to do with protecting the President's public image from criticism and preparing the base for the forthcoming elections (Bernstein and Woodward 207). The Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) was established in 1972 and in December the same year G. Gordon Liddy, one of the Plumbers, was appointed as general counsel to the Committee. This appointment made CREEP a powerful weapon in the hands of Nixon with Liddy behind most of CREEP's activities. In 1972, Liddy designed a serious intelligence operation against the Democrats. One of the steps within the framework of that operation was a small-scale burglary of the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate office complex (Westerfeld 35). On June 17, 1972, five burglars were arrested by police inside the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate office building in Washington DC. Four of the burglars were Cuban anti-Communists and one White House employee: they were caught during an attempt to bug the office. The Washington police convicted James McCord, Virgilo Gonzalez, Bernard Barker, Eugenio Martinez, and Frank Sturgis of 2nd degree burglary (WHT 820). The burglars had an impressive amount of tools and materials, namely a walkie-talkie, two 35-millimeter cameras, lock picks, pen-size teargas guns, advanced bugging devices, and 40 rolls of unexposed film. Besides, they also had $14,000 in hundred dollar bills that could be traced directly to CREEP (Bernstein and Woodward, 15-16). Therefore, it immediately became clear that those people had links to Nixon's Committee to Re-Elect the President. Thus, McCord was a former CIA officer employed by the CREEP as a security director. However, despite charges filed against Liddy and Hunt for their role in organization of the burglary no serious damage was done to CREEP's reputation. There were at least two reasons for that: firstly, the information disclosed at that moment was too incomplete which resulted in huge underestimation of CREEP's role; secondly, Nixon's leading positions during the pre-election period allowed him to successfully avoid any further investigations and accusations at that time (Westerfeld 45). Nixon read about the break-in on the 18 of June and the whole thing seemed so weird to him that he did not believe it and initially dismissed it as a political trick (Nixon 625-626). Charles Colson, a

More Hills Like White Elephants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

More Hills Like White Elephants - Essay Example On one hand, ‘the man’ is for abortion, whilst ‘the girl,’ on the other hand, is strongly against abortion (Hemingway, 2013). As such, in order to procure the abortion against ‘the girl’s† wish, ‘the man’ does all he can to convince he fiancà © to agree to abort the child. In fact, ‘the man’ goes to the extent of telling his fiancà © that abortion is just a simple operation that is necessary for her interest. Even though Hemingway failed to tell readers, whether ‘the girl’ procured the abortion or not, we can only conclude that she did the operation in Madrid. This became apparent at the end of the story, where ‘the girl,’ like her fiancà © became a supporter of abortion, which was not only considered immoral and dangerous, but also illegal (Hemingway, 2013). Hemingway developed the plot in such a manner that interlinks well with the characters in the story. After reading the story, one becomes convinced that the two characters are acting naturally in the story. Naturally, a man will always seek for an abortion in the event that a girl friend becomes pregnant unplanned. On the other hand, woman would always tend to resist performing an operation that she believes to be dangerous. Therefore, the two characters, no doubt, act naturally in the story. Regarding the ending of the story, Hemingway should have ended the story by telling readers whether the abortion was successful. In addition, the author ought to have ended the story by informing readers of the repercussion of performing the abortion considering the fact that abortion was illegal and considered immoral at the time he wrote this short

The effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the investment in the Gulf Research Paper - 1

The effects of the 2008 financial crisis on the investment in the Gulf area and Qatar - Research Paper Example While closely evaluating the investment activities of Gulf countries including Qatar during 2008 financial crisis and post-recession period, it seems that the global financial crisis did not affect the Gulf region’s investment sector much when compared to other regions. Recession 2008: Impact on the Arab Region The crisis affected most of the Arab region also causing a significant decline in financial markets. Despite the region’s potential economic sources like oil revenue, real estate investment, tourism, and housing, countries in the region became vulnerable to an economic slowdown albeit at a slower pace. The main reason was that the region’s economic activities did not involve productive actions which could reroute the wealth surplus into establishing strong industrial and human skill bases. Also, the region as a whole failed to absorb income and investment on a multiple basis. The results of the downturn were visible in the form of declining living standard s, increasing inequality, growing unemployment rate etc. Migrant workers were the most affected segment in almost every GCC country. The main investors in the region included but not limited to The Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA), the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, Singapore GIC, the Saudi prince al-Waleed Bin Talal, Kuwait, and Qatar. The outcome for their investment in Corporates like Citigroup, Merrill Lynch, Barclays, and Credit Suisse was not satisfactory or even inflicted great loss on the investors. The crashes in the UK, U.S financial markets affected the Middle Eastern stock markets as well. On September 15th 2008, the Saudi Arabian stock market fell by 6.5%, Doha 7%, Kuwait 3% and Abu Dabi 4.35% (Casa Arabe). However, since the gulf region had already learned lessons from the recession of the 1980s and the oil price fall, they were prepared to confront the new downturn unlike many other developed nations. Evidently, the impacts of the 1980s’ price fall were more intense and rapid than the recent one. The bitter experiences of 1980s taught the GCC countries to respond more flexibly to the new crisis. The difference was that the strategic decisions taken recently were of long-term significance whereas the first ones involved rapid actions. Better fiscal policies and the private sectors’ less dependence on state spending also contributed to the relatively sustainable position of the region. The direct result of this strategy was that all rich GCC countries namely Qatar, Kuwait, and Saudi had sufficient overseas assets to carry out their annual programs at least for a short term. Post-Recession Scenario One of the post-recession trends in the Gulf investment sector is the boom of real estate market. When compared other sectors, investing in developed market real estate seemed secure and profitable for many Arab investors, among which Qatar held the prominent position. As Roubini reports, Qatar unlike its Emirati or Kuwaiti counterparts s ustained with lower loan growth, lower profitability and thereby weakening balance sheets (â€Å"Are there..†). The government bought â€Å"stakes in local banks, as well as property and equity holdings on the balance sheets of local banks† and the nation’s â€Å"sovereign wealth fund was among the first to return to significant foreign investment† (Roubini). In fact, the world overcame the issues of the 2008 recession, mainly led by Asian and Middle East countries. For instance, subsequent to the

Fundamentals of finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Fundamentals of finance - Essay Example Among other channels that ITV Plc owns include ITV2 that was formed in 1998, ITV3 that was formed in 2004, ITV4 that was formed in 2005, and CITV launched in 2006. ITV Plc has continued to grow. It acquired Friends Reunited in 2005 and 2007 saw two more acquisitions which were 12 yard, previously independent producers and Jaffe entertainment LLC, in which it took a controlling stake. Not every business for ITV Plc were acquisitions, in 2010 it sold some stake for $50 million in Screenvision and in 2011, ITV PLC acquired Channel Television and launched ITV1+1 (ITV PLC). ITV Plc has two major products ran in broadcasting and production. Broadcasting is done through a series of ITV channels that include ITV1-4, CITV, and Freeview while online service is provided by itv.com. These generate revenues through advertisement and viewer competitions. Production involves ITV studios which offer production operations, international distribution, and entertainment among others. ITV studios also g enerate programmes viewed through ITV channels (ITV PLC). WPP PLC Wire and Plastic Products (WPP) Plc is one of the biggest advertising companies as measured by revenue and with presence in 108 countries. It started in 1971 solely to produce wire shopping baskets. The company was renamed WPP Group upon the entry of Martin Sorrell as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in 1985 after purchasing some state in the company. Sorrell put structures in place that were geared towards market leadership. Subsequently WPP Plc acquired many marketing services companies not only in UK but also in US. In 1987 alone, it acquired three companies, that is, J. Walter Thompson, Hill and Knowlton that was a public relations firm, and MRB Group which was a market research company (WPP PLC). Its fast growth saw it listed on NASDAQ in 1988 and this prompted its entry into US where it persisted with its acquisition of marketing services companies. In 1992, it was named the best agency group in the world by Ad vertising Age, a magazine that is market and media oriented, after acquiring The Oglivy Group together with its advertisement and public relations agencies. The same year saw a launch of CommonHealth that became a specialist in healthcare communication (WPP PLC). In 1995, WPP Plc ventured further into research an established Kantar, a company that steered research interests of the group. The group’s entry into Asia was seen in 1997 when it launched Mindshare, a company that offered the media planning, research, and buying options. It was then listed in London stock exchange (LSE) in 1998 following its formation of an alliance with Japan’s third biggest advertising agency, Asatsu-DK. Its acquisitions did not end there. In 1999 it bought Lambie-Nairn which specialised in corporate identity and Prism Group, a marketing company with big interest in sports. What followed in 2000 was the largest acquisition in the group’s history. Young and Rubicam Group with all its agencies and presence in many countries became part of WPP Plc. Other acquisitions included Cordiant Communications Group, Grey Global Group in 2005, TNS in 2008 (WPP PLC). WPP Plc proud itself in the research and advertisement arena with many awards that include Cannes International Advertising Festival awards, best in employing a number of digital staff by RECMA, 41st position out of 500 by Newsweek Green rankings in 2011, most effective company